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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary mandelic acid as an exposure test for ethylbenzene (1984)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 55 (1984), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Ethylbenzene ; Exposure test ; Mandelic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Absorption of ethylbenzene and excretion of mandelic acid were investigated under controlled conditions in six volunteers, exposed at concentrations of 18, 34, 80, and 200 mg/m3. Retention of ethylbenzene vapours in the lungs was 49 ± 5%. Elimination of mandelic acid was found to be biphasic, with biological half-life values of 3.1 and 24.5 h. Total excreted mandelic acid accounts for 55 ± 2% of retained ethylbenzene. The results obtained were applied to devise an exposure test for ethylbenzene, which would enable the precise evaluation of exposure at low ethylbenzene, vapour concentrations (± 13%). Exposures, carried out dermally, gave a rationale for the exclusion of the skin as a route of entry of ethylbenzene vapours into the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378068
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of low exposure to styrene (1985)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 57 (1985), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Styrene ; Mandelic acid ; Phenylglyoxylic acid ; Inhalation exposure ; Exposure test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Volunteers (six men and one woman) were exposed by inhalation to styrene within the concentration range of 20 to 200 mg/m3. The average retention of styrene vapours in the respiratory tract was 71%. The yield of styrene metabolism measured within 24 h was 39 and 17% for mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid, respectively. The determination of mandelic acid in urine collected immediately after the exposure was applied as exposure test. The excretion rate of this metabolite assured the best correlation with the absorbed dose. The relative standard deviations of the test related to acutal dose level vary, depending on the analysed concentration range, from 0.21 to 0.33. Quantitative interpretation of the test is possible for styrene concentrations in the air exceeding 20 mg/m3. The concentration amounting to 100 mg/m3 (TI-V) corresponds with the mandelic acid excretion rate of 15 mg per hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383546
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic interpretation of the exposure test for styrene (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid excretion kinetics ; Styrene accumulation ; Styrene industrial exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretion kinetics of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids investigated over three subsequent days after cessation of styrene inhalation could be expressed by biphasic functions, similar for both metabolities; the half-times for the first and the second phases were 2.5 and 30 h, respectively. The possibility of styrene accumulation in exposure repeated daily was assessed by kinetic modelling; it appears negligible if measurements are based on urine samples collected at the end of the working shift. The above contention has been examined in workers exposed to styrene in the polyester industry: concentrations of styrene in air monitored continuously varied from 26 to 130 mg/m3. The relationship between styrene concentration and rate of urinary excretion of the total amount of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids was rectilinear and demonstrated a reasonable agreement between experimental and industrial data. The trends of concentrations within the day and week gave no indication of substantial styrene cumulation under repeated industrial exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381614
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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