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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of naloxone with morphine, amphetamine and phencyclidine on fixed interval responding for intracranial self-stimulation in rats (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fixed interval: 60 s schedule ; Intracranial self-stimulation ; Naloxone ; Morphine ; d-Amphetamine ; Phencyclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH) and were trained to lever-press for brain self-stimulation on a fixed interval: 60 s schedule of reinforcement. The effects of graded doses of naloxone (0.1–30 mg/kg), morphine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg), naloxone plus morphine,d-amphetamine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg), naloxone plusd-amphetamine, phencyclidine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg), and naloxone plus phencyclidine were tested. Naloxone produced a significant decrease in rates at 30 mg/kg. Naloxone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) plus morphine blocked the dose-dependent decrease produced by morphine alone. In contrast, naloxone (1.0–10 mg/kg) plusd-amphetamine attenuated the graded increase in response rates produced byd-amphetamine. Naloxone (1.0–10 mg/kg) plus phencyclidine did not reliably change the increase in response rates produced by phencyclidine alone. The use of the fixed interval schedule of brain self-stimulation to study these drug interactions is novel, and further demonstrates that the highly reinforcing aspects of brain stimulation, known to be influenced by dopamine, may also be modulated by the endogenous opiate system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245931
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold differences for naloxone and naltrexone in the hypothalamus and midbrain using fixed ratio brain self-stimulation in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 74 (1981), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Brain self-stimulation ; Fixed ratio reinforcement ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes aimed either at the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH) or the midbrain-central gray (MID-GG), and were trained to lever-press for brain self-stimulation on a fixed ratio: 15 schedule of reinforcement. The dose-dependent effects of morphine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), naloxone (0.1–30 mg/kg), and naltrexone (0.1–30 mg/kg) were then determined during 1 h test sessions. Both naloxone and naltrexone decreased the rate of responding in the MFB-LH as well as in the MID-CG. However, decrements in response rates were produced in the MID-CG by both naloxone and naltrexone at one tenth the doses required to produce similar decrements with electrodes in the MFB-LH. Dose-dependent decreases in response rates produced by morphine occurred at the same doses in the two electrode sites. At both sites, the decreases in response rates produced by the highest dose of morphine were antagonized completely by a low dose of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg). At an intermediate dose of naloxone (1.0 mg/kg), antagonism occurred in the MFB-LH but not in the MID-CG. At a high dose of naloxone (10 mg/kg), a depression in lever-pressing occurred at both sites in the morphine-treated animal indicating that the depressive action predominated over antagonism. These data explain the lack of consistency of the effects of naloxone on brain self-stimulation previously reported by different laboratories, and demonstrate that the use of partial reinforcement schedules in a rational approach to the evaluation of opioid effects on brain self-stimulation behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431750
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The discriminative stimulus properties and detection thresholds of intracranial self-stimulation: Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, and haloperidol (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discriminative stimulus properties ; ICSS detection thresholds ; d-Amphetamine ; Morphine ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice discrimination task was used to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drugs on the discriminative stimulus properties of brain self-stimulation in rats. In these experiments, brain stimulation served both as a discriminative stimulus and as a reinforcing stimulus, but the two effects were manipulated separately. Animals were trained to a criterion of 95% correct in choosing between two levers, and when this levels of accuracy was reached, the ability to choose correctly remained stable over an 8-month period. Increasing the current strength of the discriminative stimulus from zero to 100% of the training current produced a graded increase in the number of trials completed on the appropriate lever. The discriminative effects produced by brain stimulation were evaluated pharmacologically by using three prototypical psychoactive drugs in an attempt to change the detection threshold for the discriminative stimulus. Morphine, d-amphetamine, and haloperidol, drugs that reliably alter reinforcement thresholds for brain stimulation, failed to change detection thresholds. These results demonstrated that: (1) brain stimulation produces potent and reliable discriminative effects and (2) the effects of psychoactive drugs on detection thresholds can be dissociated from their effects on reinforcement thresholds for brain stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428189
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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