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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nephrotoxicity of sodium dichromate depending on the route of administration (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 537-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sodium dichromate ; Nephrotoxicity ; Hepatotoxicity ; Lipid peroxidation ; Phenobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of the effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration of sodium dichromate on nephrotoxicity in rats was studied. Dichromate when injected subcutaneously (SC group) produced a higher degree of nephrotoxicity than when administered intraperitoneally (IP group). It caused severe progressive proteinuria followed by polyuria and glucosuria, reaching maximum levels at 3 days after treatment in the SC group, whereas it produced mild proteinuria without glucosuria in the IP group. The dose-dependent increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, shown in the SC group, were not observed in the IP group. However, between the two groups, there were no great differences in either the urinary excretion rate of chromium or the electrophoretic patterns of urinary protein in the day 1 urine specimens. Pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) had no remarkable effect on the dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, it potentiated dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity, the indices of which were the elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic lipid peroxide formation. These results suggest that the dependence of dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity on the route of administration is related to the chemical forms of chromium reaching the kidney, and the necrotizing property of dichromate results from its metabolic fate in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973713
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Artemether ; Thai males; malaria ; dihydroartemisinin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin were investigated in eight Thai males following the administration of single oral and intramuscular doses of artemether (300 mg) in a randomized two-way cross-over study. Results: Both oral and intramuscular artemether were well-tolerated. In most cases, artemether and dihydroartemisinin were detected in plasma after 30 min and declined to levels below the limit of detection within 18–24 h. Compared with intramuscular administration, oral administration of artemether resulted in a relatively rapid but incomplete absorption [Cmax: 474 vs 540 ng · ml−1; t max: 2.0 vs 3.9 h; AUC: 2.17 vs 5.20 μg · h · ml−1]. Geographic means of lag-time and absorption half-life (t 1/2a) of oral vs intramuscular artemether were 0.28 and 1.1 h vs 0.30 and 2 h, respectively. t 1/2z was significantly shortened after the oral dose [2.8 vs 6.9 h]. Mean oral bioavailability relative to intramuscular administration was 43.2%. The ratio of the AUCs of artemether to dihydroartemisinin was significantly lower after the oral than after the intramuscular dose (geometric mean: 0.29 vs 0.60).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050295
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paracetamol disposition in Thai patients during and after treatment of falciparum malaria (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Paracetamol ; Malaria ; pharmacokinetics ; phase II conjugation ; glucuronidation ; sulphation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Investigations in animals have suggested that conjugation of paracetamol may be reduced in malaria. We have measured plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its phase II metabolites in eight Thai patients during uncomplicated falciparum malaria and in convalescence, following a 1000 mg single oral dose. The apparent oral clearance (Malaria, 3.6; Convalescence, 3.9; ml·min−1·kg−1), the elimination half-life (Malaria, 3.8; Convalescence, 3.7 h) and apparent volume of distribution (Malaria, 1.2; Convalescence, 1.2; l·kg−1) of paracetamol were similar during malaria and convalescence. In addition, the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its major phase II metabolites and their formation clearances from paracetamol were not significantly different between the two study phases. These data show that clinical malaria infection has no effect on the conjugation of paracetamol in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202175
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ampicillin on mefloquine pharmacokinetics in thai males (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 631-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mefloquine ; ampicillin ; Thai subjects ; pharmacokinetics ; enterohepatic recycling ; drug interaction ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of a single oral dose of mefloquine given either alone or with ampicillin has been studied in 8 healthy Thai male volunteers. There was a significantly higher maximum whole blood mefloquine concentration after coadministration with ampicillin (1648 vs 1228 ng·ml−1), as well as a significantly reduced terminal half life (15.3 vs 17.7 days), mean residence time (20.1 vs 23.4 days) and volume of distribution at steady state (14.1 vs 19.4 l·kg−1). Although there was no significant change in the AUC from zero time to infinity, the AUC from zero time to 5 days was significantly increased by ampicillin (4.86 vs 3.27 μg·ml−1 day). These changes in mefloquine disposition after antibiotic treatment may be due both to an increase in fractional bioavailability and a reduction in the enterohepatic recycling of mefloquine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279985
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of tetracycline on mefloquine pharmacokinetics in Thai males (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 567-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mefloquine ; Tetracycline ; Thai subjects ; Thai subjects ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of a single oral dose of mefloquine given either alone or with tetracycline has been studied in 20 healthy Thai male volunteers. There was a significantly higher maximum whole blood mefloquine concentration after coadministration with tetracycline (1600 vs 1160 ng · ml−1), as well as a significantly reduced terminal half-life (14.4 vs 19.3 days), mean residence time (11.9 vs 16.0 days) and volume of distribution at steady state (13.3 vs 19.91 · kg−1). Although there was no significant change in the AUC from zero time to infinity, the AUC from zero time to 7 days was significantly increased by tetracycline (6.18 vs 4.76 μg · ml−1 · day). The changes in mefloquine disposition after tetracycline treatment are probably due to a reduction in enterohepatic recycling. The initial increase in mefloquine AUC without an apparent increase in side-effects suggests that this combination may have a place in the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02285105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of quinine in patients with chronic renal failure (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 497-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Quinine ; Malaria ; pharmacokinetics ; chronic renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methods: We investigated the pharmacokinetics of quinine (Qn) following administration of a single oral dose of 600 mg Qn sulphate in six male Thai patients with a moderate degree of chronic renal failure (CRF), and six male Thai subjects with normal renal function. Results: The drug was well tolerated in both groups of subjects; no major adverse reactions were observed. A marked alteration in the pharmacokinetics of Qn was found in patients with CRF compared to healthy subjects; there were six signifiicant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Absorption was delayed, but increased in CRF (tmax 4.5 vs 1.6 h, Cmax 6.17 vs 3.45 μg·ml−1). Total clearance was significantly reduced 0.94 vs 2.84 ml·min−1·kg−1, whereas Vz/f remained unchanged (1.82 vs 2.78 1·kg−1). This resulted in the increased values of AUC and prolongation of the t1/2z and MRT in the patients (AUC 181.5 vs 61.8 μg·min−1·ml−1, t1/2z 26 vs 9.7 h, MRT 36.4 vs 11.3 h). Median concentrations of plasma unbound fraction of Qn collected at 4 h after drug administration in patients and healthy subjects were 7.3 vs 9.8%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195937
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in the presence of primaquine (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 559-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mefloquine ; Thai subjects ; pharmacokinetics ; Primaquine ; drug interaction ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314870
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of glutathione in the acute nephrotoxicity of sodium dichromate (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 66 (1992), S. 646-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sodium dichromate ; Nephrotoxicity ; Glutathione ; Ascorbate ; Carbohydrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ascorbate treatment 30 min prior to sodium dichromate (20 or 30 mg/kg, s.c.) shows higher potency than that of glutathione (GSH) in protecting against both the metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by dichromate. However, ascorbate treatment after 2 h of dichromate intoxication had no effect on dichromate-induced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevation 3 days after intoxication. In contrast, dichromate-induced glucosuria, which reached maximum levels at 3 days after treatment, was significantly decreased by GSH or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment, even if its administration was after 24 h of dichromate intoxication. Pretreatment with GSH depletors such as diethyl maleate (DEM) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) had no effect on dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. GSH levels in the liver and kidney were not affected at 3 h after dichromate treatment. However, dichromate significantly increased tissue GSH levels with a marked increase in liver per kidney GSH ratio at 24 h after treatment, if food was withheld subsequent to dichromate treatment, indicating that GSH biosynthesis resulted from the accelerated protein breakdown. These results suggest that GSH-mediated dichromate reduction is not a kinetically favorable pathway in vivo; however, GSH plays an important role in protection against dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In addition, the cellular metabolism of dichromate in the early period after treatment is important in the pathogenesis of its nephrotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01981504
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