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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The management of chronic granulomatous disease (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 896-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Neutrophil ; Inflammation ; Immunodeficiency ; Granuloma ; Chronic granulomatous disease ; Infection ; Antibiotics ; Interferon ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease which results from absence of the NADPH oxidase in the professional phagocytic cells [13] neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and eosinophils. Deficiency of this oxidase renders the patient liable to infection by bacteria and fungi, and, as the name of the disease suggests, to chronic granulomatous inflammation. These patients present with a great variety of infections and other complications of their disease, which often tax the clinical and therapeutic skill of the doctors responsible for their care. Collectively we look after, or advise on the management of, over 100 of these subjects, and have developed experience in the diagnosis and management of the infections and other clinical problems they present. We thought that it might be timely to provide guidelines for their management based upon this experience. The numbers of patients are still relatively small, and the clinical presentations very varied, so it is immpossible to provide clear statistical proof of the veracity of this advice. It does, however, reflect the working practise of the physicians caring for many of these patients in Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957525
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The NADPH oxidase of phagocytic cells is an electron pump that alkalinises the phagocytic vacuole (1995)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 184 (1995), S. 86-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Neutrophil ; Leukocyte ; NADPH ; Oxidase ; Microbicidal ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phagocytic cells of the immune system contain an oxidase that is important for the killing and digestion of engulfed microbes. This is an electron transport chain that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytosol to oxygen to form superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the phagocytic vacuole. Absence or abnormality of this oxidase results in the syndrome of CGD, characterised by a profound predisposition to infection. The electron transport chain consists of a flavocytochrome b located in the plasma membrane and membrane of the specific granules. It is composed of a and b-subunits, with apparent molecular masses of 23 kDa and 76–92 kDa, respectively. The b-subunit is a member of the FNR family of reductases with FAD and NADPH binding sites. Based upon the crystal structure of FNR we have constructed a model of the more hydrophilic C terminal half of this b-subunit, which acts as a guide to the organisation of the molecule, and provides a template on which to map mutations in CGD. The location of the heme is uncertain. Electron transport is dependent upon an activation complex of cytosolic proteins including p40 phox , p47 phox , and p67 phox , and the small GTP binding protein, p21 rac . This oxidase system is important for the killing and digestion of bacteria and fungi. This might be accomplished in a number of ways. The oxidase produces superoxide and hydrogen which might be toxic themselves. The hydrogen peroxide can act as substrate for myeloperoxidase which can oxidise chloride and iodide to chlorine and iodine and their hypohalous acids. The proteins contained within the cytoplasmic granules are also very important in the killing process. These are neutral proteinases that require a neutral or slightly alkaline pH for optimal activity. The oxidase transports electrons, unaccompanied by protons, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, resulting in an elevation of the vacuolar pH, thereby optimising conditions for killing and digestion of engulfed organisms by these neutral proteinases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276905
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A finite element approximation of the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations (1986)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 427-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Equations ; Time Integration ; Penalty Function Approach ; Oscillating Flow ; Vortex Shedding ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a penalty finite element solution method for the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional incompressible flow is described. The performances of the Euler implicit (EI) and the Crank-Nicolson (CN) time integration methods are analysed. Special attention is payed to the undamped pressure oscillations which can occur when the Crank-Nicolson integration rule is used in combination with the penalty function method. Stability and convergence properties are illustrated by means of the computation of fully developed oscillating flow between two flat plates. Furthermore, the von Karman vortex street past a circular cylinder is computed to demonstrate the behaviour of the time integration schemes for a more complicated flow. It is concluded that the EI method has its advantages over the CN method with respect to the damping of numerical oscillations. However, for flows with an important convective contribution, where physically originated oscillations may be present, the CN method is preferable.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650060703
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of some finite element methods to solve the stationary Navier-Stokes equations (1985)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 269-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes Equations ; Finite Element Method ; Solenoidal Approach ; Penalty Function Approach ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the integrated solution approach, the penalty function approach and the solenoidal approach for the finite element solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations are compared. It is shown that both the penalty function approach and the solenoidal approach compare favourably to the integrated solution method. For fine meshes the solenoidal approach appears to be the cheapest method.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650050306
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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