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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The “deer lactone” (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; “deer lactone” ; discrimination ; enantiomers ; (Z)-4-hydroxy-6-dodecenoic acid lactone ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; lactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Urine of the black-tailed deer is the source of the “deer lactone,” which is deposited on the tarsal gland tufts by “rub-urination.” The enantiomer composition of the lactone from the urine of the female is 89(R)-(−)/11(S)-(+). Responses by deer were strongest toward the synthetic racemic lactone in the social test and toward the natural lactone in the choice test. In both tests, the (−)- lactone released slightly stronger responses than its enantiomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988059
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response to a mammalian pheromone and its geometric isomer (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; geometric isomers ; (E) and (Z)-4-hydroxy-6-dodecenoic acid lactone ; mammals ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; olfactory discrimination ; pheromones ; stereoisomers ; tarsal scent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) discriminate between the geometric isomers of a lactone used as a pheromone by the species. They react strongly to (Z)-4-hydroxy-6-dodeceonic acid lactone, which occurs in their tarsal scent, but the response to theE isomer did not differ from the response to the solvent. The isomers were applied to one member of a group of freely interacting deer, and the sniffing, licking, and following responses were recorded. The synthesis of the geometric isomers of the lactone is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988284
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The annual cycle of Flehmen in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 537-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artiodactyls ; black-tailed deer ; Flehmen ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; reproductive behavior ; seasonal variation ; ungulates ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flehmen is a stereotyped response of ungulates and other mammals to urine. In black-tailed deer, Flehmen occurs typically in males (rarely in females), and its frequency shows an annual cycle. Flehmen in response to female urine was most frequent in November, and to male urine in January. The response minimum to both types of urine occurred in May. Fifty-five to 100% of initial responses to female urine resulted in Flehmen. The deer responded more often to female urine, and the difference between the responses to female and male urine increased from May to November. A male's own urine released Flehmen more often than did urine of other males. The response intensity varied with the spatial orientation of the male to the urinating female, and responses were usually limited to distances of 15 m or less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987666
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urine fractions that release flehmen in black-tailed deer,Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; urine ; Flehmen ; deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flehmen (or “lipcurl”) is a response of male mammals primarily to female urine, performed primarily during the reproductive season. To elucidate the components of female urine that release the Flehmen, urine of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) was fractionated, and the fractions were presented to captive male conspecifics during three rutting seasons. The active principle (one or more compounds) is watersoluble, of low volatility, not readily extractable with organic solvents, and between 200 and 12,000 daltons in molecular weight. Several urine components were identified, but none of these showed activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987849
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alert odor from skin gland in deer (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1707-1729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alert odor ; bioassay ; black-tailed deer ; Cervidae ; deer ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) discharge an odor from the metatarsal (MT) gland, located on the hindleg, when disturbed or alarmed. Freely moving, captive deer were exposed to the MT odor by means of a remote-release apparatus. Responses by males and females to MT odor from both sexes were recorded with a coding system and a video camera. When the odor was present, females became more alert and left the site more often than in the presence of control odors, odorless air, or deer urine. It is concluded that the MT secretion provides an alert signal, placing the odor into the class of alarm pheromones. There is no evidence that the closely related white-tailed deer,O. virginianus, possesses this alert (or alarm) odor system to the same degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987357
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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