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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 2 (1973), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: ecology ; objectives ; water management ; Amoeba-approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dutch integral water management aims to restore and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems, which can sustain most human uses. Clear ecological objectives are necessary. Sustainability of fundamental ecological values (production and yield, species diversity, and self-regulation) is assumed to be best preserved in the reference situation. This is the situation, in which human influence is minimal. A general method to present ecological information, the Amoeba approach is discussed. This approach uses selected species as representatives for the ecosystem. Criteria for the selection of species are discussed. For each species (target variable) the current situation, the reference situation, and estimated effects of measures can be found and plotted in an amoeba-like figure. The presentation is a simplification and is therefore easily understood by managers, politicians, and the public. It's application for some Dutch inland waters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 2 (1993), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: ecology ; objectives ; water management ; Amoeba-approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dutch integral water management aims to restore and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems, which can sustain most human uses. Clear ecological objectives are necessary. Sustainability of fundamental ecological values (production and yield, species diversity, and self-regulation) is assumed to be best preserved in the reference situation. This is the situation, in which human influence is minimal. A general method to present ecological information, the Amoeba approach is discussed. This approach uses selected species as representatives for the ecosystem. Criteria for the selection of species are discussed. For each species (target variable) the current situation, the reference situation, and estimated effects of measures can be found and plotted in an amoeba-like figure. The presentation is a simplification and is therefore easily understood by managers, politicians, and the public. It's application for some Dutch inland waters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation of alumina layers on iron-base alloysThe formation of Al2O3-layers has been studied for ferritic alloys Fe-6 Al-M and austenitic alloys Fe-27 Ni-4 Al-M where M - Ti, Zr, V, Nb, W, B, Si… (concentrations in wt%). One or more alloying elements M had been added and in some cases carbon. The oxidation was performed at 1000 °C in H2O-H2 mixtures at PO2 = 10-19 bar. After ½ h oxidation the oxide layers were investigated by X-ray structures analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The alloy Fe-6 Al and most doped alloys form badly adherent layers, however, on alloys with additions of 0.1 to 1% Ti, Zr, V or Y the oxide layers are fine-grained and well-adherent. The Ti-doped ferritic alloys showed very protective layers, which is caused by the formation of a Ti(C, O)-layer beneath the α-Al2O3. The presence of the oxicarbide induces nucleation and improves the adherence of α-Al2O3, according to epitaxial relations between ferrite and oxicarbide and between oxicarbide and alumina. The favourable influence of Ti and Zr on the Al2O3 formation is also effective on the austenitic alloys.
    Notes: Die Bildung von Al2O3-Deckschichten wurde für ferritische Fe-6 AI-M- und austenitische Fe-27 Ni-4 Al-M-Legierungen untersucht, M = Ti, Zr, V, Nb, W, B, Si u. a. (Konzentrationen in Masse%). Die Legierungen enthielten eines oder mehrere der Legierungselemente M und in einigen Fällen Kohienstoff. Die Oxydation wurde bei 1000 °C in H2O-H2 Gemischen mit pO2 = 10-19 bar durchgeführt. Nach ½ h Oxydation wurden die Oxidschichten durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Auger-Elektronen-Spektroskopie (AES) charakterisiert. Die Legierung Fe-6 Al und die meisten hiervon abgeleiteten Legierungen bilden schlecht haftende Oxidschichten, auf Legierungen mit 0,1 bis 1% Ti, Zr, V oder Y dagegen sind die Oxidschichten feinkörnig und haften sehr gut. Die Ti-dotierten Legierungen zeigten sehr gute Deckschichtbildung, bedingt durch eine Ti(C, O)-Schicht unterhalb des α-Al2O3. Die Gegenwart des Oxicarbids verursacht häufige Keimbildung und verbessert die Haftung des α-Al2O3 aufgrund epitaktischer Beziehungen zwischen Ferrit und Oxicarbid sowie Oxicarbid und Aluminiumoxid. Der günstige Einfluß der Legierungselemente Ti und Zr auf die Bildung von Al2O3-Schichten tritt auch bei den austenitischen Legierungen auf.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 10 (1987), S. 280-290 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Protecting layers against carburizing atmospheres are of great importance for high temperature alloys. Very good results have been obtained with a model alloy Fe—Al—0.5Ti. For a single crystal sample of this alloy, the composition and growth of the protecting layers were studied by AES and LEED. Excellent epitaxial fit was observed for a titanium oxycarbide layer growing on (100) and (110) oriented samples at high temperatures by surface segregation of C and Ti in oxygen containing atmosphers. At the same time Al segregated to the surface and diffused through this carbide layer. Reaction with oxygen led to the formation of an epitaxial Al2O3 layer on top of the carbide. Both layers were very dense and well adherent even for high quenching rates. Only very small amounts of carbon impurity were able to penetrate through the dense Al2O3 layer and were captured by the oxycarbide layer.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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