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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of epoxy-episulfide resins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Standard epoxy resins have good mechanical properties, but their prolonged low temperature curing time limits their potential use in clinical applications as well as in many industrial applications. A fast-curing epoxy-episulfide resin has been developed. The gel time of epoxy-episulfide made from EPONTrade mark of Shell Chemical Company. 828 ranges from 2 to 10 minutes by changing the ratio of the ingredients. The heat of reaction of this system is low, resulting in low cure shrinkage. Water absorption of the episulfide network is low. The epoxy-episulfide system cured with polyamide curing agent V-40 exhibits two transition temperatures, at about 85°C and 130°C, as shown in dynamic mechanical analysis data. In order to solve the long term stability problem of the above episulfides, and also the mixing problem, a lower viscosity resin, Eponex, was used to make Eponex-sulfide. Eponex-sulfide systems show promise in that they remain in a stable liquid form without epoxy. The other advantages appear to be retained.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of time and type of water pretreatment on the bond strength of epoxy-aluminum joints (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The bond strength of unetched aluminum-epoxy joints induced by tap and distilled water pretreatment at 10°C increased to a maximum, then decreased as a function of immersion time. In distilled water, the maximum bond strength occurs after an immersion time of about 1 hr, after which the bond strength decreases. In the case of tap water pretreatment, the maximum bond strength occurred at about 12 hr of immersion time. The bond strengths at the maxima found for the tap water-pretreated samples were greater than those found at the maxima for the joints pretreated in distilled water. Growth of the hydrated oxide bayerite is proposed as the controlling factor; the bayerite grows more rapidly and less perfectly in distilled water than in tap water. Thick layers of bayerite are structurally weak, while thin layers seem to promote adhesion. A slight surface roughness effect was also observed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface interaction between aluminum and epoxy resin (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2243-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Titration and infraed analysis found no primary chemical bonds between etched or unetched aluminum and an amine-cured epoxy resin. Titration of a very small amount of resin in contact with the large surface area of aluminum dust revealed no drop in epoxy content when oxygen was excluded. The spectra of a bulk-cured epoxy resin were essentially superimposable on the spectra obtained by attenuated total reflectance and specular reflectance of a very thin layer of the cured epoxy resin bonded to aluminum plate. Analysis of uncured epoxy resin in contact with aluminum plate and powder, subjected to the cure cycle in air, indicated that the epoxy ring is oxidized to a carboxylic acid. When air is excluded, no loss of epoxy groups is observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180803
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Matrix viscoelasticity: Controlling factor in the rubber toughening of epoxy resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1875-1891 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Our limited success in toughening methylene dianiline (MDA)-cured Epon 828, using varying rubber types, led to a study of the role of the matrix viscoelasticity in the toughening process. Two rubber types, with different interfacial bonding capabilities, poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid and poly(n-butylacrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile, were incorporated into systems containing varying amine concentrations to control crosslink density. Impact strengths of controls and rubber-modified compositions increased with excess amine concentrations up to 70%. The impact strengths for the poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid rubber-modified compositions were greater than their equivalent controls, with the effect being greater at a lower crosslink density. This study confirmed that the matrix viscoelasticity is the controlling parameter in the toughening process. The degree of rubber-epoxy interfacial bonding is also an important parameter to consider, if the matrix viscoelasticity permits toughening. A modified stress response model was used to explain the toughening phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300508
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of soluble cations on the bonding of epoxy resins to aluminum (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The bond strength of an amine-cured epoxy resin to etched aluminum washed with, or washed with and immersed in, 10°C tap water was found to be greater than joints similarly pretreated in 10°C distilled water. The higher bond strength was found to be induced by soluble cations of less than 0.8 Å radius; larger cations had no effect. When aluminum is etched in a solution of chromic acid at 65°C, the aluminum surface is oxidized to γ-Al2O3. It is possible that the small, soluble cations can occupy the cationic vacancies in the defect spinel structure of the γ-Al2O3 and reduce the negative charge on the surface of the aluminum joints. Joints pretreated in 60°C tap water exhibited higher bond strengths than those pretreated in 60°C distilled water, as the growth of a thick, weak layer of bayerite was inhibited by large anions present in the tap water.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180203
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubber-modified epoxy resins containing high functionality acrylic elastomers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1381-1391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the functionality of n-butylacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers upon the impact resistance of epoxy resins modified with these rubbery copolymers as a second phase was investigated using a high speed tensile test and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that an optimum functionality of copolymer existed for maximum impact resistance. This optimum value was the result of the competition between the amount of rubber-matrix reaction, an increases in which tended to increase toughness, and solubility of the rubber in the epoxy matrix, which eventually decreased toughness.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290431
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electro-copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate onto graphite fibers (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 2105-2124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electro-copolymerization of methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, and methyl methacrylate with acrylonitrile onto graphite fibers has been successfully done in our laboratory. The coatings are relatively uniform and their properties, especially their modulus, can be systematically varied by controlling the monomer ratio in the eletrolyte solution. This technique is being used to introduce a ductile interlayer of contrlled composition and thickness between the composite fibers and matrix. Copolymers of methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile formed by this technique are random copolymers, with Tg′s varying from 10 to 90°C. These copolymers have fairly high molecular weight, in the range of 100,000 g/mol. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined, based upon free radical polymerization kinetics, from cyclic voltammetry. An indirect initiation mechanism is suggested. Bonding between interlayer and matrix can be improved by introducing vinyl monomers with proper functional groups, capable of reacting with the epoxy resin, at the last stage of the electropolymerization process.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340605
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic matrix composites by aqueous electrocopolymerization onto graphite fibers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 735-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrocopolymerization of 3-carboxyphenyl maleimide and styrene onto Hercules AS-4 graphite fiber surfaces has been successfully carried out from an aqueous solution containing monomers and dilute sulfuric acid. Initiation of copolymerization of the monomers dissolved in a small amount of dimethylacetamide is achieved by constant-current electrolysis in the cathodic chamber of a three-compartment electrolysis cell. Polymerization is initiated at the fiber surfaces; little polymer is formed in the cell solution. Electrocopolymerization is very consistent and rapid. The amount of polymer increases predictably with increasing comonomer concentration and current density. Using a 0.4 M (1 : 1) comonomer concentration, 0.0125 M sulfuric acid solution, and a current density of 20 mA/g, more than 60 wt % of copolymer coating per unit weight of graphite fibers is obtained within thirty minutes. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed the copolymer to be very stable at elevated temperatures and has initial and final decomposition temperatures of 430 and 520°C, respectively. The glass transition temperature measurement of the copolymer coatings was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry. A single glass transition temperature was obtained of about 210°C for most samples. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers did not change significantly with changing comonomer feed composition. Functional group and compositional analysis of the copolymer was done by FTIR spectroscopy. The copolymer composition remained relatively the same for copolymers made from different styrene/3-carboxyphenyl maleimide feed composition, confirming a strong tendency toward alternation for the system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410321
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unusual visual microcracking/healing phenomenon in polycarbonate at room temperature (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2809-2814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polycarbonate samples show no visible changes upon removal from boiling water. However, during a subsequent storage stage at room temperature they begin to develop visible disc-shaped microcracks whose number and size increase with time. At a certain time during the room temperature storage period a healing process begins leading in many cases to a complete visual disappearance of the microcracks. The cracking/healing phenomenon is explained in terms of water-supersaturated systems undergoing water phase-separation creating water filled microcracks. These thin water filled microcracks then lose their water to the environment during drying at room temperature, close, and visually heal.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270807
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aqueous electropolymerization of polyacrylamide onto AS-4 graphite fibers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 2237-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Constant current electropolymerization of acrylamide was initiated on the surfaces of AS-4 graphite fibers. Electropolymerization was performed using an aqueous solution of acrylamide dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid solution. The progress of electropolymerization was followed by measuring the weight of polyacrylamide deposited onto the surfaces of a unit weight of graphite fiber per unit time. The rate of electropolymerization was obtained from the slope of the linear region of the polymer weight gain vs. electropolymerization time curve. The rate of electropolymerization onto AS-4 graphite fiber surfaces was found to depend on the initial monomer concentration, sulfuric acid concentration, and current density raised to the powers of 1.67, 0.02, 0.54, respectively. Molecular weight measurements on the electropolymerized polyacrylamide were done by solution viscometry. Number average molecular weights of 430,000, 220,000, and 193,000 were obtained for polyacrylamide, electropolymerized at 1 mA/g, 50 mA/g, and 100 mA/g respectively, consistent with classical radical polymerization kinetics.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070431213
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