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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic properties of strained viscoelastic fluids. I. A method for measuring strain birefringenceThis research was supported in part by the United States Air Forces under Contract No. AF 49 (638)-310 monitored by the Office of Scientific Research of the Air Research and Development Command. (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mechanism has been devised for the purpose of introducing a sudden strain of calculable amount into a viscoelastic fluid. The principle of the apparatus relies upon the deformation caused by the rotation of an elliptical sleeve about a flexible tube containing polymer solution. An apparatus has been constructed which can produce a 90° rotation (with consequent deformation) in the period of one millisecond. The detection of the strained state is accomplished by means of strain birefringence. In this way, relaxation can be studied in concentrated solutions for a time range beyond one millisecond.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010104
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birefringence in a strained viscoelastic fluid under steady-state rotary conditions. II (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 57 (1962), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A rotary strain device for introducing a calculable amount of strain into a viscoelastic fluid under essentially zero flow conditions has been built and tested. The principle of the device is based upon the continuous deformation of a flexible Teflon tube which is rotated within a closely fitting, stationary, rigid metal tube that has an elliptical cross section. A polymer solution placed in such a rotating tube is subjected to an alternating strain and rotation of the bulk material. Under such conditions a steady-state situation occurs where the material has well defined anisotropic properties. This anisotropic state is characterized by measuring both the retardation and orientation of the principle axes of the induced birefringence with a Soleil Babinet compensator. Measurements made on fluid systems at rotations of approximately 50-400 rpm yield experimental results that agree with general theoretical requirements. Mooney has analyzed the analogous situation of a microscopic rotating region. This analysis, when applied to measurements made in the rotary strain device, permits calculation of functions proportional to the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the relaxation function of the polymer. Measurements and calculations are presented for carboxymethyl cellulose solutions in water.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205716520
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A determination of molecular entanglements in polymer solutions by strain birefringence measurements (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 60 (1962), S. S69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1206017013
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allosteric formulation of thermal transitions in macromolecules, including effects of ligand binding and oligomerization (1989)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1705-1729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We examine the effects of concentration (aggregation), buffers, and ligation, under conditions of either constant ligand activity or limited total amount of ligand, upon thermal denaturation of macromolecules as measured by scanning calorimetry. In doing so we utilize and extend an earlier generalized allosteric treatment [S. J. Gill, B. Richey, G. Bishop, and J. Wyman (1985) Biophys. Chem. 21, 1-14], applicable to ligand binding, enthalpy changes, and volume changes in a macromolecular system. The approach is contrasted with formulations based on the idea of structural domains. We show how information from the full scanning calorimetric curves can be utilized in arriving at and testing appropriate models for observed behavior in selected examples.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360281006
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of parameter resolution from derivatives of binding isotherms (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1129-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Examination of binding information in the form of derivative (or finite difference) measurements is explored (1) experimentally by a thin-layer optical procedure (Dolman, D. & Gill, S. J. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 87, 127-134) and (2) theoretically by simulation in order to determine the influence of the number of data points and their standard error upon the resolvability of binding parameters in cooperative and non-cooperative systems. The data is described by the difference in optical absorbance divided by the change in the logarithm of the ligand activity and each data point is assumed to be influenced by a random error with a given variance. It is found that increasing the number of data points, which in turn effectively reduces the magnitude of the observed absorbance changes, results in an increase in the uncertainty of the resolved parameters of the system. The effect is verified by both experimental and simulation studies. Thus one is led to suggest that fewer measurements for the change of absorbance with larger magnitudes produces the most favorable situation for parameter resolution when the data is in the form of finite difference measurements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360290803
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing viscosity of E. coli chromatin with increasing shear (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 571-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have observed that the viscosity of a solution of E. coli chromatin increases as the shear to which the solution is subjected is suddenly increased. This dilatant effect is opposite to the usual thixotropic non-Newtonian effects that are observed in DNA solutions. We suggest that the observed dilatancy may be explained in terms of shear-induced aggregation of large DNA molecules. Conditions for aggregation are discussed in the context of the “cluster theory” of condensation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1969.360070413
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic properties of strained viscoelastic fluids. III. Birefringence of polystyrene solutions (1963)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 1765-1778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Birefringence relaxation has been studied in concentrated polystyrene solutions. The birefringent state is induced by a sudden application of strains and the subsequent relaxation effect is observed by photoelectric monitoring. The effect of temperature concentration on the decay of induced birefringence follows the general patterns observed for stress relaxation. Samples of different molecular weights and different molecular weight distributions have been studied. A particularly simple empirical result was found to express the relaxation behavior of highly fractionated materials. In such instances the birefringence decays with exponential dependence upon the square root of time. The results for samples with broad distributions show curvature when plotted in a similar fashion. This simple relaxation behavior has a simple LaPlace transform, so that a comparison of the exact relaxation distribution function with approximate methods can be made. The general behavior of birefringence relaxation distribution functions is similar to that noted for stress relaxation functions. The method of reduced variables likewise is applicable to bring the birefringence relaxation results into correspondence at different temperatures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1963.100010527
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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