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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic modelling of the batch, semi-batch and continuous production of styrene/butadiene copolymers by emulsion polymerization (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 105-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic computer model which can predict polymer and polymer particle properties such as molecular weight averages (MN and MW) and (long chain branching frequency) and particle size distribution for the emulsion copolymerization of styrene/butadiene has been developed. Heat balances about the latex reactor and cooling jacket with proportional/integral control are included. This model can be used to design, optimize and control emulsion copolymerization in well-mixed stirred tank reactors operated in batch, semi-batch and continuous modes for transient and steady-state operation.Details of modelling are described and then applications of the model are shown to illustrate the range of operational conditions of various production systems that can be investigated.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020101985110
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer reactors and molecular weight distribution. VIII. A method of interpreting skewed GPC chromatograms (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1381-1419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new-method of interpreting GPC chromatograms which accounts for skewing and symmetrical axial dispersion has been developed. General relationships for a symmetrical axial dispersion correction and for a skewing correction are derived.The method has been verified experimentally for unimodal chromatograms and linear calibration curves over a wide range of GPC operating conditions, polymer molecular weights and polydispersities. Measurements of h and skewing factors were obtained by a once-through technique. The need for performing reverse flow experiments has been eliminated. Artificial oscillations in the corrected chromatogram due to step size (Method of Pierce-Armonas), and to number of terms in a polynomial expansion (Method of Tung and Method of Smith) are eliminated.The method has yet to be evaluated for nonlinear calibration curves and multi-modal distributions. However, suggestions for its application in these circumstances are presented.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1969.070130705
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular aggregation in poly(vinyl chloride) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3033-3047 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight distributions and molecular aggregation for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymerized in bulk at -10, -30, and -50°C have been measured using gel permeation chromatography. The aggregate content in PVC polymerized at -50°C was found to be 87 wt-%. These spherical aggregates of mean diameter of 5000 A are formed preferentially from PVC chains having high molecular weights and long syndiotactic sequence lengths. A temperature of 200°C was used to disintegrate these aggregates into single PVC molecules. In disagreement with measurements of Mn and Mw published in the literature, our measured values do not reach a minimum but rather increase continuously with decreasing temperature of polymerization. This disagreement is most probably due to the phenomenon of molecular aggregation in PVC.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of transfer constants in the aqueous solution polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3341-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide with potassium persulfate initiator is reported. Molecular weight averages were measured by viscometry. Non-Newtonian effects were accounted for by extrapolation to high shear rates where the polymer solutions approximated Newtonian behavior. Values for the transfer constants to the acrylamide monomer and to the persulfate initiator were estimated at 25 and 40°C and compared to literature values.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231119
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of shear rate on the molecular weight determination of acrylamide polymers from intrinsic viscosity measurements (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3323-3339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological response of dilute solutions of high molecular weight polyacrylamides at low shear rates has been measured using a capillary viscometer that provided for a fivefold variation in shear rate at each concentration. The non-Newtonian effects were found to be significant for polyacrylamides with number-average molecular weights exceeding 106. The molecular weight average-intrinsic viscosity relationship most widely used in the literature, [η] = 6.80 × 10-4Mn0.66, was found to be valid when [η] was measured at high shear rates where the polymer solutions approached Newtonian behavior. A new relationship was developed relating Mn to the intrinsic viscosity extrapolated to zero shear rate.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical model for the Ziegler-Natta polymerization of butadiene (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 829-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model which describes conversion and molecular weight development in the homogeneous polymerization of butadiene has been developed. The reaction scheme and derivation of the model equations are included. It was found that a catalyst formation efficiency must be estimated for each polymerization. The correct trends were predicted, although weight-average molecular weight was often underestimated. The model could not fully account for the effect of water concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340232
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    One-point method to calculate molecular weight from low-angle laser light scattering data. I. Application to acrylamide polymers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 1603-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for the calculation of the weight-average molecular weight from low-angle laser light scattering data has been developed which only requires the measurement of the Rayleigh factor at a single concentration. The method requires the knowledge of the dependence of the second virial coefficient on molecular weight and has been applied to polyacrylamides ranging in molecular weight from 10,000 to 9,000,000. The new method improves the accuracy of light scattering measurements to ±4.7% compared with ±11.2% for the conventional procedure and requires only one-fourth the time. The effect of polydispersity has been included in the procedure. The method is general and is recommended for all linear polymers.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350616
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of impurities on emulsion polymerization: Case II kinetics (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 2009-2021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of water-soluble and monomer-soluble impurities on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization of monomers following Case II kinetics (e.g., styrene) are investigated. Experimental studies reveal that impurities can have an appreciable effect on both polymer particle nucleation and growth. These effects are shown to be well predicted by a mathematical model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350803
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of impurities on emulsion polymerization: Case I kinetics (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 2023-2038 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of water- and monomer-soluble impurities on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization for Case I systems (e.g., vinyl acetate and vinyl choride) was investigated. Model predictions on the effect of these impurities on polymer particle nucleation and growth rate are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental results. The effect of monomer-soluble impurities is shown to be quite different from that observed in Case II emulsion polymerization systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350804
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the emulsion terpolymerization of 2-ethylhexylacrylate-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 1409-1420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the emulsion polymerization of 2-ethylhexylacrylate (EHA) - vinyl acetate (VAc) - acrylic acid (AA) has been done. It was found that the polymerization rate depends on the AA level and that particle nucleation occurs throughout the entire conversion range. At the 5% AA level, there is significant coagulation. The number of particles depends on the balance between nucleation and coagulation. Addition of a small amount of water-soluble comonomer has no significant effect on the course of polymerization, but the viscosity of the latex can increase significantly. The dependence of latex viscosity on pH on neutralization has been studied. The maximum viscosity reached on neutralization depends on the acrylic acid level and the semibatch policy used in the latex synthesis. Addition of salt is a simple and effective way to control viscosity buildup during neutralization.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350601
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