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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) membranes. IV. Composite reverse osmosis membranesPaper presented at the American Chemical Society Biennial Polymer Symposium, San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 20-24, 1982. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3063-3073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composite reverse osmosis membranes of ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have been prepared. The process consists of coating a porous polysulfone membrane with a thin layer of dilute solution of PAA, drying the thin liquid layer, and ionically crosslinking the PAA in solutions of different salts. The influence of some important preparation parameters on the properties of these membranes was investigated. It was found that all these membranes possessed ion exchange properties and could be ion exchanged; some of them have been found to be suitable for the desalination of low concentration salt solutions. By comparison to cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, higher rejection of phenols may be an interesting property of these membranes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and transport properties of thin film composite membranes. I. Synthesis of poly(phenylene oxide) polymer and its sulfonation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4017-4027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) polymer was investigated. The poly(phenylene oxide) was synthesized through oxidative coupling from 2,6-dimethyl-phenol with copper (I) chloride-pyridine catalyst and sulfonated using chlorosulfonic acid. The effects of catalyst concentration, solvent, and other experimental variables on the kinetics of the polymerization of poly(phenylene oxide) and its subsequent sulfonation are reported in detail.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and transport properties of thin film composite membranes. II. Preparation of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) thin film composite membranes for the purification of alberta tar sands waste waters (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4029-4035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin film composite membranes of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO)-polysulfone (PS) (SPPO-PS) were prepared by coating the hydrogen or sodium form of SPPO onto various porous substrates such as polysulfone (PS). The effects of membrane preparation conditions and feed water variables on the salt rejection and production rates were investigated using reverse osmosis. Purification of the waste waters from the Alberta heavy oil fields for desalination and recycling use was carried out. Production rates and salt rejections for the various feeds were found to be in the range of 5-20 gfd (gallons/ft2 day) and 80-99% respectively at 600 psig and 20°C, depending on the experimental conditions and membrane properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291235
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toughening of SMA copolymers with an SAN-grafted rubber (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 183-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers were toughened by blending with a styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) grafted rubber. The AN content of the SAN graft was fixed at 22.5% and the MA content of the SMA matrix was varied from 8 to 25%. The maximum impact strength was observed for blends based on SMA copolymers containing 14-17% MA (depending on the rubber content). These compositions are near the boundary of miscibility between the SMA matrix and SAN graft since miscibility of SMA and SAN occurs when the MA and AN contents are about the same in each Dilatational processes were shown to be the major mechanism of defor-mation for these blends. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe fracture surfaces as the miscibility between SMA and SAN or as the rubber content was changed. Toughening of miscible SMA/SAN matrices by this impact modifier was also examined. The results are discussed in terms of a variety of possible contributing factors including the coupling of the rubber to the matrix via miscibility of the latter with the SAN graft.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfonated latex particle as acid catalysts for the continuous inversion of sucrose (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 2117-2131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sulfonated polystyrene latex particles were used as acid catalysts in the continuous inversion of sucrose at 50-70°C. The particles (surface charge 168 μeq/g) were confined in a stirred reactor with a semipermeable membrane; sucrose solution was pumped in, and product solution was pumped out. The catalytic activity of the particles was unchanged after 20 days continuous use. Variation of particle size (0.13 and 0.42 μm) and stirring rate showed that internal and external mass transfer was not a controlling factor. The kinetics were pseudo-first-order; the rate constant at 70°C was 2.30/N min as compared with 0.07/N min for macroporous sulfonated ion-exchange resin; the apparent activation energy was 111 kJ/mol as compared with 121 kJ/mol for the homogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction. The faster rate was attributed to the very great surface area, high charge density, and lack of internal diffusional resistance of the latex particles. The proposed mechanism comprised adsorption of sucrose on the particle surface, followed by inversion and desorption of product.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350812
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: latex ; sulfonate functional groups ; poly(styrene-sodium styrene sulfonate) ; emulsion copolymerization ; emulsifier-free ; enhanced gel effect ; ion association ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate have been examined over a range of comonomer compositions. The rate of polymerization was found to increase dramatically in the presence of small amounts of sodium styrene sulfonate. This increase is attributed to the increased number of particles formed when sodium styrene sulfonate was present and to a gel effect enhanced by ion association. At low concentrations of functional comonomer, where a monodisperse product was obtained, a homogeneous nucleation mechanism of particle generation is proposed. At higher concentrations, broader and then bimodal size distributions were obtained, and this is ascribed to significant aqueous phase polymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate. The water-soluble homopolymer is supposed to act as a locus of polymerization. The occurrence of this aqueous phase side reaction and the generation of secondary particles makes impossible the preparation of highly sulfonated polystyrene latexes by batch or seeded batch emulsion copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion polymerization of styrene using an alkali-soluble random copolymer as polymeric emulsifier (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2865-2872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: alkali-soluble random copolymer ; polymeric emulsifier ; aggregate ; hairy ASR layer ; rate of polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An alkali-soluble random copolymer (ASR), poly(styrene/α-methylstyrene/acrylic acid), was used as a polymeric emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The calorimetric technique was applied to study the kinetics of emulsion polymerization of styrene using ASR and a conventional ionic emulsifier, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS). ASR could form aggregates like micelles, and the solubilization ability of the aggregates was dependent on the neutralization degree of ASR. The rate of polymerization in the ASR system was lower than that in the SDBS system. This result can be explained by the creation of a hairy ASR layer around the particle surface, which decreases the diffusion rate of free radicals through this region. Although a decrease in particle size was observed, the rate of polymerization decreased with increasing ASR concentration. The higher the concentration of ASR is, the thicker and denser ASR layer may be, and the more difficult it would therefore be for radicals to reach the particle through this layer of ASR. The rate of polymerization decreased with increasing the neutralization degree of ASR. The aggregates with high neutralization of ASR are less efficient in solubilizing the monomer and capturing initiator radicals than that of the lower neutralization degree, which leads to decrease in rate of polymerization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2865-2872, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of highly sulfonated polystyrene model colloids (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3187-3199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous attempts to prepare monodisperse styrene/sodium styrene sulfonate copolymer latexes by batch, seeded, and semicontinuous emulsion polymerization were unsuccessful at high concentrations of the functional comonomer. Broad, and sometimes bimodal, size distributions, and large amounts of water soluble homopolymer were obtained. After removal of free monomer, solute and adsorbed homopolymer and copolymer, the overall incorporation of the functional comonomer was found to be low. To overcome these problems, a two stage “shot-growth” or in situ seeding technique was developed. A first stage copolymerization was carried out with a low concentration of sodium styrene sulfonate: the purpose of the functional comonomer was to enhance the stability and regulate the size of the seed particles. When this reaction had reached high conversion (〉 90%), a second stage monomer mixture was added. The ratio of styrene to sodium styrene sulfonate in this mixture determined the final surface charge density. The mechanism by which the NaSS is incorporated in the polymer particles is considered to be by solution copolymerization with solute styrene monomer to form surface active oligoradicals. These radicals adsorb on the particle surface, initiate polymerization and become inextricably bound, preventing their transfer back to the aqueous phase. By this means, it was possible to vary independently the particle size and surface charge density. High concentrations of functional comonomer could be polymerized without undue wastage (incorporations were only slightly less than 100%) or loss of monodispersity. In extreme cases, the area per functional group fell below the theoretical minimum, indicating considerable hydration of the surface layers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080271001
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of the B conformation in unoriented films of calf thymus DNA by NaCl: A Raman and ir study (1997)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 41 (1997), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unoriented films of calf thymus NaDNA with either 3.0 or 5.0 NaCl per base pair were prepared by dehydrating unstressed gels. These films were studied by Raman and ir spectroscopy. The 5.0 samples showed very strong vibrational modes characteristic of the B conformation at relative humidities (RH) as low as 30%, indicating that those samples were entirely in the B conformation. The 3.0 samples showed weaker features: some of the DNA in these samples were in the B conformation at 80% RH while the DNA is essentially in a disordered phase at 30% RH. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of Na-DNA films containing NaCl via scanning electron and tunneling microscopies (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 36 (1995), S. 669-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unoriented films of Na-DNA were prepared by dessicating a gel with different amounts of NaCl. For low salt concentrations, the resulting films were smooth and patternless. For high salt concentrations, the resul ting films had visible patterns that were very similar to those recently r eported by Sclavi et al. [(1994) Biopolymers, Vol.34. pp.1105-1113]. Scanning electron and tunneling microscopies and electron dispersive sp e ctroscopy studies were used to study the spatial distribution of NaCl th ro ughout these films. Two main conclusions were reached about the NaCl: (l) some NaCl is distributed throughout every film, and (2) the visib le p atterns observed in films with a large amount of NaCl were caused by the growth of NaCl crystals during the dehydration process. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360360512
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