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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 22-25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep strength and chemical resistance pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropyleneThe creep strength of pipes made of thermoplastics is influenced by the surrounding medium. This influence may be of a chemical or physical kind. Often, both influences are simultaneously present. The present paper deals with these different types of influences of chemical substances on the creep strength of pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropylene. First, the test method is described by which the creep strength is investigated in the presence of chemical stresses. This is followed by the communication of results obtained with different obcals. These include inorganic as well as organic media. According to these results the inorganic substances can, in respect of their effect on the creep strength, be divided into the following four categories: 1aqueous solutions of non-oxidant substances,2aqueous solutions of oxidant substances,3aqueous solutions of wetting agents,4aqueous solutions of substances which penetrate into polyethylene in small quantities, thus causing Some Sort swelling.The organic substances can be divided into those with strong and with weak swelling effects. The swelling effect, which depends on the chemical structure of the substances, is described in some detail.
    Notes: Die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen wird durch das umgebende Medium beeinflußt. Dieser Einfluß kann chemischer oder physikalischer Art sein. Oft sind beide Einflüsse gleichzeitig wirksam. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt diese verschiedenen Arten des Einflusses chemischer Substanzen auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus Hartpolyäthylen und Polypropylen. Es wird zunächst die Prüfmethode beschrieben, nach der die Zeitstandfestigkeit bei gleichzeitiger chemischer Beanspruchung untersucht wird. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse mitgeteilte, die mit verschiedenen Chemikalien gewonnen wurden. Es wird dabei sowohl auf anorganische als auch auf organische Medien eingegangen. Nach diesen Ergebnissen können die anorganischen Substanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit in folgende vier Gruppen eingeteilt werden: 1wäßrige Lösungen von nicht oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;2wäßrige Lösungen von oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;3wäßrige Lösungen von Netzmitteln;4wäßrige Lösungen von Substanzen, die in geringer Menge in Polyäthylen eindringen und dadurch eine Art Quellung bewirken.Die organischen Substanzen körnert in stark und schwach quellend wirkende eingeteilt werden. Auf die Quellung, die von der chemischen Struktur der Substanzen abhängig ist, wird näher eingegangen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of large-diameter pipes made of hard polyethyleneWith the aid of numerous illustrations, the applications of polyethylene pipes of relatively large diameters are surveyed. A special account is given of the advantages which such pipes may offer under different installation conditions. Especially in the Scandinavian countries  -  Norway, Finland and Sweden  -  where pipes are laid in the open even during the winter months, the toughness of hard polyethylene, even at low temperatures, is found to be a particular advantage. A special problem is posed by the need for a reliable jointing of large-diameter pipes. It is shown that, if the necessary conditions are adhered to, and if suitable aids are used, it is possible to obtain reliable butt welds, both between one pipe and another, and between pipe and welding collar. Such welding collars can be made in different ways. For instance, a mould is filled with the aid of an extruder and a rough cast prepared which, after cooling, is machined on a lathe. Pipes made of hard polyethylene are used not only for drinking water pipes but also for special purposes, e. g. cable protection pipes. For this purpose, a special technique, known as jetting method, is sometimes used for laying pipes across water.
    Notes: Anhand einer großen Anzahl van Bildern wird über den Einsatz van Rohren relativ großen Durchmessers aus Hart-Polyäthylen berichtet. Dabei wird auch auf die Vorteile, die solche Rohre unter den verschiedensten Verlegebedingungen bieten, näher eingegangen. Gerade in skandinavischen Ländern wie Norwegen, Finnland und Schweden, wo auch während der Wintermonate Rohrverlegungen im Freien stattfinden, erweist sich die gute Zähigkeit von Hart-Polyäthylen auch in der Kälte von besonderem Vorteil. Ein besonderes Problem stellt die zuverlässige Verbindung von Rohren großen Durchmessers der. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Einhaltung der erforderlichen Bedingungen und bei Verwendung geeigneter Hilfsgeräte einwandfreie Stumpfschweißungen sowohl der Rohre untereinander als auch von Rohr und Vorschweißbund erzielt werden können. Die Herstellung solcher Vorschweißbunde kann auf verschiedene Arten vorgenommen werden; z. B. wird mit Hilfe eines Extruders eine Form gefüllt und durch Pressen ein Rohling hergestellt, der nach dem Erkalten auf einer Drehbank bearbeitet wird. Neben der Verwendung van Rohren aus Hart-Polyäthylen für Trinkwasserleitungen werden sie auch für Spezialzwecke, wie z. B. Kabelschutzrohre, eingesetzt. Dabei wird in manchen Fällen eine besondere Verlegetechnik beim Durchqueren van Gewässern, das sog. Einspülverfahren, angewandt.
    Additional Material: 36 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 375-383 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects on viscose ripening of a variety of materials are reported. (1) Normal constituents (Na2CO3, Na2CS3, NaCl) appeared not to affect ripening; however, Na2S retarded ripening. By-product removal appeared to retard ripening. (2) Oxidizing agents (H2O2, Na2Sx) accelerated ripening; reducing agent (Na2SO3) retarded ripening; this is suggestive of possible addition product formation. (3) Na2SO4, (CH3)2SO, KClO3, Na2BH4 showed no effect on ripening. (4) Salts which precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates did not appear to affect ripening. (5) Salts which formed insoluble sulfides resulted in an initial increase in ripening rates. In later stages, ripening proceeded normally, probably after the salts were removed from solution as insoluble sulfides. (6) FeCl3, BiCl3 and Na3AsO3 appeared to retard ripening. (7) A comparison of the effect on ripening of the trivalent state of elements in group V of the periodic table showed that the rate of ripening decreased with the oxidation potential of the element. (8) The addition of sodium zincate retarded ripening and suggested possible cross-linking of xanthate and by-product sulfur, or of two xanthate groups. (9) Addition of tin and chromium salts at the 0.5% level resulted in gelation of the viscose within 30 min. after the addition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ripening of spinnable viscoses has shown dexanthation rates to be constant for sulfate pulps; however, sulfite pulps appeared to ripen slightly faster than the sulfate pulps. The rate of dexanthation was unaffected by changes in alkalinity over relatively narrow ranges, and slightly affected by sulfur and cellulose content. Dilution of the viscose increased the dexanthation rate. A molar activation energy of 23 kcal. was calculated from a study of temperature effects on dexanthation of a high alpha sulfate pine pulp. Changes in salt index with respect to degree of substitution for all viscoses xanthated and dissolved at 25°C. followed the same linear function. For viscoses prepared at lower xanthation and/or dissolving temperatures, the ripening curves exhibited an initial rise suggesting two simultaneous changes: dexanthation and a randomizing of substitution. Split xanthation (the final xanthation step under essentially homogeneous conditions) yielded viscose having random substitution and exceptionally high salt index. As this solution ripened the salt index decreased linearly with respect to degree of substitution and eventually followed the same function as normally xanthated viscose, indicating that the final internal structures of the two solutions are similar.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 94 (1981), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylene is important because it can be transferred into metallic conducting phases by treatment with strong oxidizing or reducing agents (“doping”). The influence of the reaction conditions, especially of the polymerization catalyst, are investigated. The polymers obtained under normal conditions are always crosslinked. The morphology is independent of the polymerization method and can be described as an aggregation of lamellar particles with typical dimensions of a few 100 Å. The polymer chains are oriented perpendicular to the surface and chain folding is observed. The crystal structures of cis and trans polyacetylene are given. The consequences of the morphology on the mechanism of doping and charge transport are discussed using general structural principles.
    Notes: Polyacetylen ist von Bedeutung, da es sich durch Behandlung mit starken Oxidations- oder Reduktionsmitteln („Dotieren“) in metallisch leitfähige Phasen überführen läßt. Der Einfluß der Polymerisationsbedingungen, besonders des Katalysators, auf die Eigenschaften wurde untersucht. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß das unter den normalen Bedingungen erhaltene Polyacetylen vernetzt ist. Die Morphologie ist unabhängig von der Polymerisationsmethode und kann als eine Aggregation lamellarer Teilchen mit typischen Abmessern von einigen 100 Å beschrieben werden. Die Ketten stehen senkrecht zur Deckfläche, und es wurde Kettenfaltung gefunden. Die Strukturen von cis-und trans-Polyacetylen werden gegeben. Die Auswirkungen der Morphologie auf die Chemie der Dotierung und den Mechanismus der Leitfähigkeit werden anhand allgemeiner Strukturprinzipien diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: TiO2 and CeO2 are will known for inducing strong metal-support interactions J(SMSI) of a different nature when used as supports for Pt catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of mixtures of TiO2—CeO2 oxide supports (80:20 and 20:80) reveals at the surface a remarkable stabilization of cerium in the +3 oxidation state; the stabilization is more pronounced with lower cerium oxide concentration. X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements done on the LIII edge show the same variation as a function of cerium oxide concentration, but in the bulk the reduction is much lower. Cerium in Pt/TiO2—CeO2 catalysts exhibits the same behaviour.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used work function measurements (Δφ), Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and angle-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy to study the coadsorption of barium and oxygen on tungsten. The experimental two-dimensional band structure was compared with results of embedded cluster model calculations for a c(2 × 2) BaO monolayer on W(001) with barium and oxygen placed on alternate fourfold-hollow sites. Our work function measurements revealed that adsorption of one monolayer of BaO decreased the work function of W(001) (φ = 4.63 eV) to ∼ 2.3-2.4 eV regardless of the order of barium and oxygen adsorption on the surface. Inverse photoelectron spectroscopy in the isochromat mode was used to investigate the unoccupied electronic energy levels of one monolayer of BaO on W(001) along two high-symmetry directions of the W(001) surface Brillouin zone. Non-dispersing spectral features were observed at 0.6 eV and 3.4 eV above the Fermi level (EF) and were assigned to transitions into both barium and tungsten d states in good agreement with calculated densities of states.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four pure hydroperoxides were evaluated as initiators for the polymerization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) at 5°C. These materials were the meta and para isomers of mono- and dihydroperoxy-diisopropylbenzene. Results showed that the monohydroperoxides produced somewhat faster reactions than a control hydroperoxide, p-menthane hydroperoxide. Response to mercaptan level adjustments was good, providing polymer with a Mooney viscosity in the 50 to 60 range. The reaction rate with the dihydroperoxides was slower, but again provided polymer with a satisfactory viscosity. Basic physical property measurements on polymers prepared with the pure hydroperoxides or control hydroperoxides showed only minor differences. It is anticipated that these differences can be eliminated by small adjustments in the compound recipe.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 66 (1994), S. 1187-1188 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 808-808 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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