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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric resin from renewable resources: Studies on polymerization of the phenolic component of coconut shell tar (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1767-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300440
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPC studies on the cationic polymerization of cardanol initiated by borontrifluoridediethyletherate (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1765-1775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of cardanol using borontrifluoridediethyletherate as initiator has been investigated by gel permeation chromatographic techniques. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer at different temperatures and various initiator concentrations were studied, and the polymerization conditions have been optimized as 140°C with an initiator concentration of 1%. The reaction was found to follow first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer. The activation energy and rate constants for the system have also been evaluated. The polymer has been characterized by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectra.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410733
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and mechanism of oligomerization of cardanol using acid catalysts (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of oligomerization of cardanol over acid catalysts were studied. GPC results showed the formation of a mixture of oligomers such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc. IR spectra of the products of oligomerization showed a decrease in the intensity of the double bond absorption band at 1630 cm-1 and the disappearance of terminal vinyl bands at 895 cm-1 and 907 cm-1. 1H NMR spectra showed drastic changes in the unsaturated proton resonance signals at 5.5δ with respect to saturated protons at 0.2-2.5δ. The ratio of resonance integrals of unsaturated to saturated protons decreased from 1 : 6.5 to 1 : 20 after oligomerization. GPC studies showed that the rate of formation of the dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc. follow an identical path and that the individual oligomers are formed in the same weight percentage at any time during the reaction. A kinetic scheme is proposed to explain this phenomenon. Kinetic studies showed that the oligomerization reaction follows first order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentration and the rate constant is K = 6.6 × 10-5s-1. A probable mechanism for the oligomerization of cardanol is proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450213
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric resins from renewable resources. II. Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant prepolymers from cardanol (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 2487-2501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phosphorylated cardanol prepolymers (PCP) are obtained by simultaneous phosphorylation and oligomerization of cardanol, an unsaturated pentadecylphenol extracted from the nuts of the plant Anacardium occidentale L. Although GPC showed the presence of only oligomeric species in the system, the high viscosity of 0.35-0.45 million cps was found to be due to involvement of hydrogen bonding. IR spectra of PCP gave bands at 1030 and 1240 cm-1, indicating P - O - C linkages. The decrease in iodine value and the absence of vinyl IR bands at 895 and 907 cm-1 indicated oligomerization. NMR spectra of PCP showed partial loss of unsaturation. A carbonium ion initiated mechanism is indicated for the oligomerization. PCP was found to be highly reactive with aldehydes, amines, and isocyanates. Highly insoluble and infusible thermoset products could be obtained. TGA studies showed a two-stage decomposition with improved thermal stability above 500°C for PCP compared to cardanol-formaldehyde (novolac)-type resins. Completely cured PCP was highly resistant to hydrolysis by water. Studies on mechanical properties showed that the PCP cured with HMTA gave a tensile strength of 16.9-21.5 MN/m2 and an impact strength of 1.63-2.04 J. compared to 24-48 MN/m2 and 1.35 J, respectively, for phenol formaldehyde (novolac) resin prepared under similar conditions. The lap shear strength of PCP-bonded wood pieces showed a value of 400 ± 10 N/cm2 in comparison to 60 ± 10 N/cm2 of cardanol formaldehyde (novolac) resin, indicating that phosphorylation improves the bonding characteristics. With a phosphorus content of 7.9%, PCP showed good fire-retardant properties. Vertical burning studies did not show any propagation of fire or any afterglow. PCP cured with HMTA gave a limiting oxygen index value of 35, which on bromination increased to 42.0. PCP could find application as polymeric fire-retardant additive for plastics and elastomers or as filled or unfilled fire-resistant plastics/composite products.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410947
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of a self-crosslinkable polymer from cardanol: Autooxidation of poly(cardanyl acrylate) to crosslinked film (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1069-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: cardanol ; cardanyl acrylate ; self-crosslinkable polymer ; autooxidation ; hydroperoxide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cardanyl acrylate (CA), a monomer that yields crosslinkable copolymers, was synthesized by the reaction of cardanol with acryloyl chloride. A linear polymer was obtained by solution polymerization of the monomer in toluene using 0.8% azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Upon removal of solvent, the polymer undergoes crosslinking on exposure to air (or UV light) to give an insoluble transparent film. However, in bulk and suspension polymerization the polymer undergoes in situ crosslinking in the absence of any crosslinking agent. The polymer was characterized by IR, NMR, DSC, and GPC. The crosslinking reaction of soluble polymer on exposure to air at ambient conditions was explained by the hydroperoxide theory. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310429
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and thermal characterization of poly(1,3-phenyl octanoate) (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 2851-2856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(1,3-phenyl ocatnoate) ; synthesis ; characterization ; thermal decomposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(1,3-phenyl octanoate) (polyHPOA) was prepared by melt and solution polycondensation methods from 8-(3-hydroxyphenyl)octanoic acid (HPOA), a novel monomer useful as a chain disruptor in liquid crystalline copolyesters. The melt polycondensation technique gave a polyester of higher inherent viscosity (0.80 dL/g in p-chlorophenol) than that (0.75 and 0.56 dL/g, respectively, for the Ogata method and thionyl chloride/pyridine method in the same solvent) of solution techniques. The solubility of the polyesters was limited to strongly acidic and polar solvents. The polyester was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, WAXD, TGA, isothermal TGA and DTA. x-ray diffraction pattern of the polyesters indicated that it is amorphous in nature. TGA of the polyesters gave a thermal stability of 470°C in nitrogen atmosphere at 50% decomposition. The available thermal data suggest that the polyester undergoes thermal decomposition by a pyrolytic cleavage involving the ester linkage with the formation of ketene and phenol ended groups as intermediates. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of metal ions with nucleic acids and related compounds. II. Studies on Au(III)-nucleic acid systemPart I of the series appeared in Biopolymers (1973) 12, 1431. This paper is based on the Ph.D. thesis (Indian Institute of Science, 1974) of C.K.S. Pillai. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 709-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The nature of interaction of Au(III) with nucleic acids was studied by using methods such as uv and ir spectrophotometry, viscometry, pH titrations, and melting-temperature measurements. Au(III) is found to interact slowly with nucleic acids over a period of several hours. The uv spectra of native calf-thymus DNA 9pH 5.6 acetate buffer containing (0.01M NaCIO4) showed a shift in λ max to high wavelengths and an increase in optical density at 260 nm. There was a fourfold decrease in viscosity (expressed as ηsp/c). The reaction was faster at pH 4.0 and also with denatured DNA (pH 5.6) and whole yeast RNA (pH 5.6). The order of preference of Au(III) (as deduced from the time of completion of reaction) for the nucleic acids in RNA 〉 denatured DNA 〉 DNA. The reaction was found to be completely reversible with respect KCN. Infrared spectra of DNA-Au(III) complexes showed binding to both the phosphate and bases of DNA. The same conclusions were also arrived at by melting-temperature studies of Au(III)-DNA system. pH titrations showed liberation of two hydroxylions at r = 0.12 [r = moles of HAuCl4 added per mole of DNA-(P)] and one hydrogen ion at r = 0.5. The probable binding sites could be N(1)/N(7) of adenine, N(7) and/or C(6)O of guanine, N(3) of cytosine and N(3) of thymine.DNAs differing in their (G = C)-contents [Clostridium perfingens DNA(G = C, 29%), salmon sperm DNA (G + C, 42%) and Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA(G + C, 29%), salmon sperm DNA (G = C, 72%)] behaved differently toward Au(III). The hyperchromicity observed for DNAs differing in (G + C)-content and cyanide reversal titrations indicate selectivity toward ( A + T)-rich DNA at lw values of r. Chemical analysis and job's continuous variation studies indicated the existence of possible complexes above and below r = 1. The results indicate that Au(III) ions probably bind to hte phosphate group in the initial stages of the reaction, particularly at low values of r, and participation of the base interaction also increases. Cross-linking of the two strands by Au(III) may take place, but a complete collapse of the doulbe helix is not envisaged. It is probable that tilting of the bases or rotaiton of the bases around the glucosidic bond, resulting in a significant distrotion of the double helix, might take place due to binding of Au(III) to DNA.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170313
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding of gold(III) with DNA (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1431-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1973.360120617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and thermal characterization of chemically modified phenolic resins (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phenolic resins with improved/altered thermal stability and flame retardancy were prepared by introducing flame retardant elements such as phosphorus and bromine at the monomer stage, followed by condensation with formaldehyde or hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA). Thus, monophenyl phosphoric acid (MPPA), monophenyl phosphoric acid-formaldehyde resin (MPPAF), brominated phenol-formaldehyde resin (BrPF) and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl-phosphoric acid-formaldehyde resin (BrMPPAF) were prepared and characterised. Thermal stability and flammability of these polymers were evaluated by TGA and LOI respectively and compared with those of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) and phosphorylated phenol-formaldehyde resin (PPF). The TGA (in air) of MPPAF showed enhanced thermal stability (char yield 66%) over that of PF (char yield 52%) and PPF (char yield 58%) indicating the role of phosphorus in imparting thermo-oxidative resistance to PF. The enhancement is better when phosphorus is introduced at the monomer stage. The incorporation of bromine, however, brought about an unexpected reduction in the thermal stability of PF (char yield: BrPF, 2% and BrMPPAF, 26%). Both phosphorus and bromine are found to enhance the LOI values of PF (cured) from 35 to 50, 48, and 56, respectively, for MPPAF, BrPF, and BrMPAFF. A comparison of LOI values of these resins with their char yield suggests a condensed phase mechanism for phosphorus and vapor phase mechanism for bromine operating during thermal decomposition. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540403
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt rheology parameters of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer modified with 3-(tetrabromopentadecyl) 2,4,6-tribromo phenol (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61 (1996), S. 981-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processability characteristics of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer formulations modified with a flame-retardant 3-(tetrabromopentadecyl) 2,4,6-tribromo phenol (TBPTP) have been studied on a Brabender Plasticorder at various shear rates and temperatures. The plasticizing effect of TBPTP on EVA has been confirmed by the increase in flow behavior index and decreases in melt viscosity, melt elasticity, and activation energy of melt flow. The improvement in processability of the TBPTP-modified EVA over the unmodified sample was reflected in a reduction in power consumption during mixing of the former. The study was undertaken because of the potential of TBPTP-modified EVA for application in flame retardant low smoke (FRLS) cable sheathings. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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