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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (43)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of reverse osmosis separation and permeation rate for sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) membranes in different cationic forms (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1071-1075 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin film composite membranes were prepared by coating a thin layer of sulfonated poly(1,4-dimethyl-2,6-phenylene oxide) polymer on the surface of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane. The membrane performance was studied when the sulfonate was either in the hydrogen form or loaded fully with an alkali metal cation. It was found that the permeation rate was greater than the pure water permeation rate, when the sulfonate was in the hydrogen form and the feed solution contained an alkali metal chloride solute. The permeation rate increased with an increase in the ionic radius of the alkali metal cation. With respect to membranes in which the sulfonate was loaded with an alkali metal cation, the pure water permeation rate was found to increase with a decrease in the ionic radius of the alkali metal cation. The permeation rate was the same as the pure water permeation rate when the membranes of the latter form were tested for reverse osmosis of aqueous solutions involving either sodium chloride or an organic solute. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510613
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retention of polyvinylpyrrolidone swelling agent in the poly(ether p-phenylenesulfone) ultrafiltration membrane (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 407-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The detection and quantification of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer in the top skin layer of the poly(ether p-phenylenesulfone) (PES, Victrex) ultrafiltration membrane was attempted by applying the technique of internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IRS). The effects of the PVP concentration in the casting solution and that of the PVP molecular weight on the residual quantity of PVP were investigated in detail. The PVP content in the membrane was further correlated to the ultrafiltration performance data of PES membranes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410132
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of additives, solvent type, and polymer concentration on macromolecule dimensions (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An equation is derived to estimate the hydrodynamic volume occupied by a typical linear polymer molecule, knowing only the polymer molecular weight and concentration of polymer in the solution. This equation may be applied to solutions above a minimum polymer concentration. Accuracy of the equation is determined by comparing it to an established method of calculating macromolecule dimensions.Above dilute solution conditions, the volume pervaded by a macromolecule is affected mainly by the polymer molecular weight and concentration of polymer in the solution. Chain dimensions are generally unaffected by the type of polymer, solvent, or additive in the solution.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430120
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of organic vapor from air by aromatic polyimide membranes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1071-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to prepare dry asymmetric membranes of aromatic polyimide material for the separation of air-organic vapor mixtures. Membrances with the permeability of organic vapor two orders of magnitude higher than that of air could be obtained. The membrane performance depends strongly on the conditions of membrane preparation. It was found that the permeability of organic vapors exhibits a strong correlation with their cohesive energy data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of casting conditions on the performance of porous cellulose acetate membranes in reverse osmosis (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 723-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several sets of porous cellulose acetate membranes were made using the same casting solution composition and gelation conditions but varying the casting solution temperature and solvent evaporation conditions. The films were tested in reverse osmosis experiments at 250 psig using aqueous feed solutions containing 3500 ppm NaCl. The results show that the product rate obtained at a given level of solute separation is independent of evaporation time in the range tested and, for a given casting solution composition, the temperature of the casting solution and conditions of solvent evaporation during film formation together constitute an important interconnected variable governing the porous structure of the resulting membranes. These results offer a new approach to the problem of developing more productive reverse osmosis membranes and have led to a new class of porous cellulose acetate membranes capable of giving product rates 100% to 150% higher than those of the best membranes reported, at any given level of solute separation under the experimental conditions used. These results are of practical importance in low-pressure reverse osmosis applications.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140316
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of porous cellulose acetate membranes and a method for improving their performance in reverse osmosis (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 637-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data support the hypothesis that the surface layer of the asymmetric Loeb-Sourirajan type porous cellulose acetate membranes has a heterogeneous microporous structure. A general method is proposed for improving the performance of the above membranes in reverse osmosis, by which product rates are increased without decreasing solute separation. The method consists in pumping pure water past the back side of the membrane under just enough pressure for a sufficiently prolonged period of time; after such pretreatment, the membrane is used in the reverse osmosis experiments in the normal manner with the surface layer facing the feed solution. Back-pressure treatment at 400 psig for 85 hr on preshrunk and normally pressure-treated membranes increases the product rate by over 20% without decreasing solute separation in reverse osmosis experiments at 600 psig with the use of 0.5 wt-% NaCl-H2O feed solutions; with a different sequence of back-pressure treatment, similar results have been obtained in reverse osmosis experiments at 1500 psig also. The compaction effect of a normal membrane and that of a back pressure treated membrane are the same during continuous reverse osmosis operation under 600 psig; the effects of back-pressure treatment on a normal membrane and a compacted membrane are also the same. The pure water permeability data obtained in cyclic experiments show that the smaller pores on the surface layer are opened more than the bigger ones during the back side operation. The probable structural changes taking place in the film during back-pressure treatment are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1969.070130407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High flux freeze-dried cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes as microporous barriers in gas permeation and separation (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 1303-1321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeations of helium, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, nitrogen, and argon, and helium-methane, nitrogen-ethylene, oxygen-nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide-nitrogen mixtures have been studied using freeze-dried porous cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes. The results illustrate the existence of mobile and immobile sorbed layers and the governing influence of surface flow in gas-phase reverse osmosis separations. Preshrunk freeze-dried porous cellulose acetate membranes seem to offer a practical means of utilizing the reverse osmosis process for recovering helium from natural gas and separating sulfur dioxide from flue gases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140517
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and performance of some porous cellulose acetate membranes for reverse osmosis desalinationPaper presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Fresh Water from the Sea, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, September 13-16, 1970. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 2559-2568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of casting solution composition and evaporation period on the performance of resulting porous cellulose acetate membranes have been studied, and the results are discussed in terms of casting solution structure, solvent evaporation rate during film formation, and the film shrinkage temperature profile. The development of Batch 316-type porous cellulose acetate membranes is reported. At 90% level of solute separation and feed flow conditions corresponding to a mass transfer coefficient of 45 × 10-4 cm/sec, the productivities of the above membranes are 21.5 gallons/day/ft2 at 250 psig using 3500 ppm of NaCl in the feed, and 53.9 gallons/day/ft2 at 600 psig using 5000 ppm of NaCl in the feed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070141011
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physicochemical criteria for reverse osmosis separation of alcohols, phenols, and monocarboxylic acid in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2905-2927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reverse osmosis data of 32 different alcohols and phenols and 22 different monocarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions in the concentration range 0.0001 to 0.007M (∼100 ppm in most cases) have been studied using porous cellulose acetate membranes at 250 psig. Solute separation data for alcohols and phenols are correlated with Δνs (shift in the OH band maximum in the IR spectra), and those for the monocarboxylic acids are correlated with Ka (dissociation constant) and the degree of dissociation of the molecule. Solute separation decreases with increase in Δνs for alcohols and phenols. The solute separation-versus-Ka correlation for acids passes through a minimum, and solute separation always increases with increase in the degree of dissociation. The separation data are also correlated with Taft and Hammett numbers which represent the effect of the substituent group on the polar effect of the molecule. The product rate data show a general tendency to decrease with decrease in solute separation in all cases. These results show that, with respect to the systems considered, solute separation in reverse osmosis is governed by the hydrogen bonding ability of the organic molecule when it is essentially undissociated and by electrostatic repulsion of ions when the molecule is partially or completely dissociated. Thus, data on Δνs for alcohols and phenols, and those on Ka and degree of dissociation for monocarboxylic acids, constitute precise physicochemical criteria for reverse osmosis separation of the above solutes in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070151202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the development of improved reverse osmosis membranes from cellulose acetate-acetone-formamide casting solutions (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1317-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Improved membranes from cellulose acetate-acetone-formamide casting solutions have been prepared for low-pressure reverse osmosis applications. The film-casting details for one such type of membranes (Batch 400) are as follows. Casting solution composition: cellulose acetate (E-398-3), 17 wt-%, acetone, 56 wt-%, formamide, 27 wt-%; temperature of casting solution, 24°C; temperature of casting atmosphere, 24°C; casting atmosphere, ambient air in contact with 30 wt-% acetone in aqueous solution; solvent evaporation period, 30 sec; gelation medium, ice-cold water. Using aqueous feed solutions containing 3500 ppm of NaCl, the product rates obtained with the above membranes at 95, 90, and 60% levels of solute separation were 15.9, 22.1, and 58.7 gallons/(day ft2), respectively, at 250 psig under feed flow conditions corresponding to a mass transfer coefficient of 45 × 10-4 cm/sec on the high-pressure side of the membrane. The effects of casting solution composition, presence of acetone in the casting atmosphere, evaporation period, evaporation rate constant, and the remoteness of casting solution composition from the corresponding phase boundary composition on membrane performance and shrinkage temperature profile were found to be similar to those reported earlier for membranes obtained from cellulose acetate-acetone-aqueous magnesium perchlorate casting solutions. The results illustrate the practical utility of the approach based on the solution structure-evaporation rate concept for creating more productive reverse osmosis membranes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070150603
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