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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface characterization of PVP-sized and oxygen plasma-treated carbon fibers (1998)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 26 (1998), S. 39-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: carbon fiber ; plasma surface treatment ; sizing ; atomic force microscopy ; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; XPS ; AFM ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The objectives of this work were to characterize the surface of commercial carbon fibers, focusing on the effect of polymer sizing and the effect of oxygen radiofrequency plasma treatment. The fiber surface composition was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the surface topography was examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).Voltage-contrast XPS distinguished between unsized and sized carbon fibers, by which the former behaved as a conductive material whereas the latter behaved as a mixture of both conductive and non-conductive materials due to a contribution from a polymeric sizing material. The AFM measurements revealed that oxygen plasma treatment for 30 s roughened the unsized fiber surfaces; however, further treatment smoothed the overall topography. Oxygen plasma treatment for 30 s also increased the surface oxygen content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the surface chemistry on the wettability of stainless steel (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 595-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Degreasing with solvents, chemical etching, polishing, oxygen and argon plasma treatment and heating and drying produce stainless-steel surfaces with different amounts of organic contamination and ‘bonded water’. The hydroxide/oxide layer of the passive film formed on stainless-steel foils is also affected by surface pretreatment. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) has been used to analyze the composition of the surface film formed after different cleaning procedures. Organic contamination on 304 stainless-steel foils can be reduced by a factor of five using various cleaning treatments. Wettability or surface energy measurements have been performed on the treated surfaces and it was found that the surface energy of the metal decays with the inverse of the contamination layer thickness. As these cleaning treatments lead to different oxide layers, it is concluded that the nature of the oxide layer is not the main parameter that determines the surface free energy of metals.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740210902
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of surface pretreatments of carbon fiber-polyimide matrix composites (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 14 (1989), S. 496-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Various surface pretreatments of carbon fiber-polyimide matrix composites have been studied by XPS, ISS, PASFTIR (photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and high-resolution SEM. Reduction of fluorocarbons from release cloth contamination and increase in carbon-oxygen-containing functional groups was observed on the surface of composite samples treated in an oxygen plasma. These plasma-treated samples also showed differences in surface topography, but no change in the photoacoustic infrared spectra when compared to a methanol-washed sample.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740140903
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(acrylene ether sulfones)This paper is dedicated to Professor V. T. Stannett on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 721-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionic groups incorporated into a polymer have a decided effect on its physical properties. A number of ionomers and polyelectrolytes have been widely applied. In particular, sulfonated bisphenol-A polysulfone (SPSF) has been used as a composite or single-component membrane for the desalination of water. In this article, the synthesis and physical characteristics of sulfonated polysulfone are addressed. A detailed synthesis route is provided and methods that yield determinable levels of sulfonation are described. These ion-containing polymers retain an excessive amount of residual salts, which, of course, are impurities to the system. Therefore, before any analyses were made the polymers were subjected to a thorough soxhlet extraction process with boiling water, which appeared to be quite effective. The degree of sulfonation was assessed by several methods such as 1H NMR and FT-IR. A new 1H NMR method was derived because the method cited in the literature proved to be too inconsistent for our work. The new 1H NMR method used a quaternary ammonium counterion [N(CH3)4]. These methyl protons are easily measured and may be ratioed against the isopropylidene protons in the polymer backbone that act as an internal standard. Characterization of the physical properties of SPSF consisted of water uptake, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and solubility studies. Its physical appearance and mechanical behavior were improved by the solution procedure. Also addressed were the effects of different counterions (Na+ & Mg++) with SPSFs of low levels of sulfonation. The variation in physical properties between the divalent and monovalent counterions is dramatic, especially when observed by TMA in the rubber plateau above the apparent glass temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220320
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of lead and chromium with chitin and chitosan (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1105-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270331
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of gases with ablative composites. I. Ar, CO2, and N2Presented in part at the Symposium on the Surface Chemistry of Composite Materials, 163rd National ACS Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, April 9-14, 1972. Based in part on the M.S. Thesis of C.A. King. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 505-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of argon, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen on two heat shield composites SLA-561 and SLA-561V and the SLA components was measured over the pressure range of 10-3 to 760 torr and in the temperature range of 30° to 50°C. The sorption of the gases by both the composites and the components varied directly with pressure. The sorption of CO2 by the phenolic spheres and the silicone elastomer and of Ar by the silicone elastomer varied inversely with temperature. The mechanism involved in the gas sorption was primarily absorption.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180216
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of gases with ablative composites. II. WaterPresented in part at the Symposium on the Surface Chemistry of Composite Materials, 163rd National ACS Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, April 9-14, 1972; based in part on the M. S. Thesis of R. H. Honeycutt, III. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1103-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of water vapor on two heat shield composites SLA-561 and SLA-561V and the SLA components was measured over the pressure range of 10-3 to 10 torr and at 25°, 30°, and 35°C. The sorption of water vapor by both the composites and the components varied directly with pressure and equilibrium was attained typically within 30 min. The sorption of water by SLA-561V, phenolic spheres, and silica fibers varied inversely with temperature. The mechanism proposed for the interaction of water vapor with the SLA composites was a combination of absorption and adsorption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180411
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of lead and chromium with chitin and chitosanThis research was done in part under the 1979 NSF-Undergraduate Research Participation Program at Virginia Tech, Dr. J. W. Viers, Director. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1587-1599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of the natural marine polymer chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan with lead and chromium has been investigated. The uptake of lead and chromium was determined from changes in concentration as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. A significant uptake of Pb(II) on both chitosan and chitin was observed. However, the uptake of Pb(II) on chitin was approximately 21% of that on chitosan. The number of Natoms in chitin and chitosan and per number of Pb(II) ions sorbed was 115 and 29, respectively. The number density of flakes observed in the scanning electron microscope and characterized by an intense Pb signal in energy dispersive analysis of x rays (EDAX) was greater on the surface of chitosan [containing 1.7 × 10-4 mole Pb(II)/g chitosan] than chitin [containing 3.5 × 10-5 mole Pb(II)/g chitin] after equilibration with Pb(II) solution. The bonding state of lead on chitosan as determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is similar to the bonding of lead in PbO based on the Pb 4f7/2 binding energy. A significant shift in the O 1s binding energy from 532.2 to 531.4 eV was observed for chitosen after equilibration with Pb(II) solution. The caculated values of the N/Pb ratio from ESCA spectra were 0.5 and 11, for chitosan and chitin, respectively. A significant uptake of Cr(III) on chitosan was observed and a significant increase in the pH of solutions of Cr(III) on equilibration with chitosan occurred. A high number density of nodules characterized by an intense Cr signal in EDAX was observed in chitosan [containing 2.5 mole Cr(III)/g chitosan] after equilibration with Cr(III) solution. The calculated values of the N/Cr ratio from ESCA spectra was 18 for chitosan.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250807
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of heavy metals with chitin and chitosan. III. ChromiumThis research was done in part under the 1980 NSF-Undergraduate Research Participation Program at Virginia Tech, Dr. J. W. Viers, Director. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4827-4837 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of the natural marine polymer chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan with chromium has been investigated. The uptake of chromium from aqueous solution was determined from changes in concentration as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The uptake of Cr(III) on chitosan was significantly greater than that on chitin. The smaller the size fraction of the chitin/chitosan, the greater the uptake of Cr(III). The Cr(III) uptake increased with increasing solution pH. Minimal desorption of chromium was observed on washing previously chromium-equilibrated chitosan with distilled water. The uptake of Cr(III) by chitosan was enhanced in the presence of phosphate, whereas the converse was not observed. Minimal uptake of Cr(VI) as dichromate by chitin and chitosan was measured. Cr-containing nodules were noted in the SEM/EDAX analysis for Cr(III)-equilibrated chitosan. Cr-containing clusters were detected for Cr(III)- plus phosphate-equilibrated chitosan. XPS results supported the conclusions drawn from the isotherm studies.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271227
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interdiffusion at the interface between poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and epoxy (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 331-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: interdiffusion ; interface/phase ; electron microprobe analysis ; epoxy ; thermoplastic polymer ; a cure reaction ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electron microprobe analysis (EMP) was used to study interdiffusion in bilayer films of thermoplastic poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and a thermoset epoxy. The bilayer films were prepared by casting a stoichiometric mixture of the uncured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy (DGEBA) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) on the PVP film and then curing the system in a two-step process under a nitrogen atmosphere. For the EMP studies, the sulfur signal was used as a probe for DDS, while the nitrogen signal served as a probe for both DDS and PVP. The addition of brominated DGEBA to the conventional DGEBA in a 1: 1 weight ratio allowed the bromine signal to be used as a probe for the epoxy phase. It was found that the interfacial thickness was much larger for the film prepared from low molecular weight PVP than that from high molecular weight PVP. Interdiffusion was suppressed when the initial cure temperature in the two-step cure cycle was 130°C compared to 170°C, in which the first stage of the cure reaction dominated the interdiffusion process. More importantly, it was demonstrated that the diffusion front of the curing agent was located closer to the thermoplastic polymer phase as compared to that of the thermoset polymer in the interface region. This tendency was more significant in the system with the larger interfacial thickness. These results have important consequences on interphase structures and properties. They suggest that crosslinking of the epoxy in the interphase may be suppressed because of an insufficient amount of curing agent and that the not-fully-reacted curing agent in the PVP phase may act to plasticize this phase. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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