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  • 1
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On complete hydrazinolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), terephthalomonohydrazide is formed from carboxyl-end terephthaloyl residues in a quantity equivalent to the content of carboxyl endgroups in the polymer. The compound is separated from the reaction mixture by ion exchange and determined photometrically [epsiv;240 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,700 (1000 cm2/mole)]. A COOH determination carried out in this way is endgroup specific and, unlike titration, is not subject to interference by ionogenic fiber additives. Aromatic comonomers with acidic substituents (e.g., 5-sulfoisophthalic acid) in chemically modified, cationically dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) are determined simultaneously with the carboxyl endgroups by the same analytical method. In this case, the terephthalamonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide are separated by ion exchange, and the difference in their spectral behavior is used for quantitative determination with the aid of a two-component analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (6}{\rm .21 }D_{240} {\rm - 1}{\rm .04 }D_{212} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (2}{\rm .62 }D_{212} {\rm - 0}{\rm .51 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c1c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide, respectively; and D240 D212 = optical density at 240 and 212 nm, respectively. The content of carboxyl endgroups in polyether esters poly(p-(2-ethyleneoxy)-benzoate), is determined on the basis of the p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid [epsiv;258 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,100 (1000 cm2/mole)] liberated from carboxyl-end monomer units by hydrazinolysis. For copolyether esters with p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid as a comonomer, the contents of carboxyl-end terephthalic acid and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid are determined simultaneously with the acid of a spectrophotometric twocomponent analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (7}{\rm .65 }D_{240} {\rm - 3}{\rm .27 }D_{258} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (7}{\rm .91 }D_{258} {\rm - 3}{\rm .49 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l.} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c2, c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-benzoic acid, respectively; and D240, D258 = optical density at 240 and 258 nm, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur chemischen Bestimmung der Aminoendgruppen in Polyamiden wird das Polymere in 2,2,2-Trifluoräthanol (TFÄ) mit 1-Fluor-2,4-dinitrobenzol (FDNB) umgesetzt. Das Nω-[2,4-Dinitrophenyl(1)]- (DNP-) Polyamid wird in Wasser von pH 3 ausgefällt, von anhaftendem Reagenz befreit, in TFÄ gelöst und bei λmax = 350 nm photometriert ( ε350: 17 300 [ 1000 cm2/mol]). Diese endgruppenspezifische Analysenmethode erlaubt eine Differenzierung in primäre und sekundäre Aminogruppen und deren Bestimmung nebeneinander, denn DNP-Derivate sekundärer Aminogruppen zeigen ein nach 390 nm verschobenes Absorptionsmaximum (ε390: 18 000 [1 000 cm2/mol]). Dieses Spektralverhalten wird mit Hilfe einer Zweikomponentenanalyse, die anhand von Messungen an dinitrophenylierten primären Aminen, sekundären Aminen und Polyamid-6- und -6,6-Oligomeren entwickelt wurde, quantitativ ausgewertet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7,49 \times {\rm E}_{350} - 3,62 \times {\rm E}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7,21 \times {\rm E}_{390} - 3,41 \times {\rm E}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: Konzentration an primären Aminogruppen in mol/l; c2: Konzentration an sekundären Aminogruppen in moll; E350, E390: Extinktion bei 350 nm bzw. 390 nm).Die Variationskoeffizienten für die Bestimmungen betragen bei vier unmodifizierten und modifizierten Polyamid-6-Handelsfasern 2,7 bis 6,0%. Die nachweisbare Grenzkonzentration liegt bei 6 × 10 mol DNP-Aminogruppen/l TFÄ.Für die Umsetzung von FDNB mit Polyamid-6 und ε-Aminocapronsäure als Modell-substanz für das Polymere ergibt die kinetische Analyse mit der Eyring'schen „Theorie des aktivierten Komplexes“, daß das „Prinzip der gleichen Reaktivität“ für Polymeres und Monomeres erfüllt ist. Die Aktivierungsparameter für die Reaktion betragen: ΔH≠: 15.9 k 0,9 kcal/mol; ΔG≠: 22.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol und ΔS≠: -22,1 ± 1,9 cal/Grad × mol.
    Notes: In order to determine chemically the amino end groups present in a polyamide, the polymer was treated with a solution of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The resulting Nω-[2,4-dinitrophenyl-(1)]-(DNP-) polyamide was precipitated in water at pH 3, washed free of excess reagent, redissolved in TFE, and the optical density of the solution measured at λmax = 350 nm (ε350: 17300 [1000 cm2/mole]). Both the primary and secondary amino groups could be simultaneously determined by this method, since the absorption maximum of dinitrophenylated secondary amino groups is shifted to 390 nm (ε390: 18000 [1000 cm2/mole]). Using this spectroscopic phenomenon a two-component analytical procedure was developed. With known concentrations of dinitrophenylated primary amines, secondary amines, and nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 oligomers, the following analytical equations were derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document}〈\UEQN〉 \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: concentration of primary amino groups in mole/l; c2: concentration of secondary amino groups in mole/l; D350, D390: optical density at 350 nm and 390 nm resp.).The coefficients of variation for four different commercially available nylon-6 fibres (unmodified and modified for dyeability) were in the range of 2.7 to 6.0%. The limiting concentration detectable was 6 × 10-7 mole DNP-amino groups/l TFE.A kinetic analysis was performed for the reaction of FDNB with nylon-6 and with a model compound, ε-aminocaproic acid. Using the “absolute rate theory of Eyring”, it was found that the polymer and monomer both fulfilled the “principle of equal reactivity”. The activation parameters for the reaction were: ΔH≠ : 15.9 ± 0.9 kcal/mole, ΔG≠: 22.9 ±0.3 kcal/mole, and ΔS≠: -22.1 ± 1.9 e.u./mole.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of sulfur protection in peptide chemistry can be circumvented by synthesis of symmetrical cystine peptides. Such peptides are available also by the MERRIFIELD method as follows: Coupling of excessive bis-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-cystine with an aminoacyl resin leads to the formation of resin bound symmetrical and mixed disulfides. After reduction with a large excess of thiophenol the unreacted cystine-halves are washed out and the disulfide bridges are regenerated by subsequent oxidation with air in the presence of iron (III)-sulfate in dimethylsulfoxide/methylene chloride, or with a small excess of 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide forming the desired resin bound symmetrical cystine peptide. However, and elongation of this peptide without side reactions is only possible, if the cystine residue is separated from the binding site on the resin by more than one amino acid residue.
    Notes: Das Schwefelschutzgruppen-Problem in der Peptidchemie kann durch die Synthese symmetrischer Cystinpeptide umgangen werden. Diese lassen sich auch nach der MERRIFIELD-Methode wie folgt gewinnen: Bei der Kupplung von überschüssigem Bis-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-cystin mit einem Aminoacylharz entsteht ein Gemisch von trägergebundenen symmetrischen und gemischten Disulfiden. Nach Reduktion mit einem großen überschuß Thiophenol werden die nicht umgesetzten Cystinhälften ausgewaschen und bei der anschließenden Oxidation mit Luft in Gegenwart von Eisen(III)-sulfat in Dimethylsulfoxid/Methylenchlorid oder mit einem gering Cberschuß 2,2′-Dipyridyldisulfid die Disulfidbrücken unter Bildung des gewunschten harzgebundenen symmetrischen Cystinpeptids regeneriert. Eine Verlangerung dieses Peptids gelingt ohne Nebenreaktionen allerdings nur dann, wenn das Cystin durch mehr als eine Aminosäure von der Ankerstelle am Harz getrennt ist.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A method is presented for the fractionation of poly(butylene terephthalate) by means of a two-phase fractionation. A mixture of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and phenol was used as solvent phase and n-heptane as nonsolvent phase. Determination of the number average and weight average molecular weights of the individual fractions was carried out by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For calibration of the elution volume from GPC, a fraction was used, the molecular weight of which had been determined by membrane osmometry to be 41.4 kg mol-1.By inserting the weight average molecular weight and the Staudinger index (viscosity number), which can be measured at 20°C in m-cresol into the rearranged Mark-Houwink equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ln \left[ \eta \right] = \ln {\rm K} + \alpha \ln {\rm \bar M}_{\rm w} $$\end{document} one can use a linear regression to calculate the value of the constants in this equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm K} = 2,79 \cdot 10^{ - 3} {\rm mlg}^{ - 1} ;\alpha = 0,93 $$\end{document}
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode zur Fraktionierung von Polybutylenterephthalat mittels einer Zweiphasenfraktionierung vorgestellt. Dabei dient eine Mischung von 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethan und Phenol als Löser und n-Heptan als Nichtlöser. Die Bestimmung der Zahlen- und Gewichtsmittel des Molekulargewichts der einzelnen Fraktionen erfolgt durch Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC). Zur Eichung des Elutionsvolumens der GPC dient dabei eine Fraktion, deren Molekulargewicht membranosmometrisch zu 41,4 kg mol-1 bestimmt wurde.Durch Einsetzen der Gewichtsmittel des Molekulargewichts und der Staudinger-Indizes (Grenzviskositätszahlen), die in m-Kresol bei 20°C bestimmbar sind, in die umgeformte Mark-Houwink-Beziehung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ln \left[ \eta \right] = \ln {\rm K} + \alpha \ln {\rm \bar M}_{\rm w} $$\end{document} kann mit einer linearen Regression der Wert der Konstanten dieser Gleichung berechnet werden \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm K} = 2,79 \cdot 10^{ - 3} {\rm mlg}^{ - 1} ;\alpha = 0,93 $$\end{document} .
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During the reaction of polyamide 6 or polyamide 6,6 with the bifunctional crosslinking agent 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in heterogeneous media, 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenylamino groups and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylenediamino groups are formed within the polymer. Owing to their different VIS-spectroscopic behaviour, the concentration of both groups can be determined by means of a bicomponent analysis, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {c_1} & {= (15,36 \cdot A_{375} - 6,35 \cdot A_{425}) \cdot 10^{- 5} ({\rm mol} \cdot {\rm dm}^{- 3})} \\ {c_2} & {= (9,48 \cdot A_{425} - 4,78 \cdot A_{375}) \cdot 10^{- 5} ({\rm mol} \cdot {\rm dm}^{- 3})}\\ \end{array}$$\end{document} where c1 and c2 represent the concentration of 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenylamino and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylenediamino groups, respectively, and A375 as well as A425 represent the absorbances at 375 nm and 425 nm, measured in a 1 cm cell (solvent: 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol). N-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ε-aminocaproic acid and N,N'-(4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylene)-di-ε-aminocaproic acid are used as model compounds in order to calibrate the photometer. It is demonstrated that the degree of crosslinking, determined by means of the bicomponent analysis, is in accordance with the change of molecular weight, determined viscosimetrically.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: NαA1, NεB29 -Bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin, easily obtained by selective butyloxycarbonylation of insulin according to Geiger, was purified by chromatography and applied as amino component for peptide syntheses with active esters of amino acids protected by the butyloxycarbonyl group. By this method the partial synthesis of NαB1-leucyl-, glycyl-, lysyl-, and glutamylinsulin was achieved. The analogues showing homogeneity in electrophoresis (pH 2 and 8,6) and thin layer chromatography, were characterized by biological, immunological, and CD-spectral data and could be crystallized.
    Notes: Das nach Geiger durch selektive Butyloxycarbonylierung von Insulin leicht zugängliche NαA1, NεB29 -Bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin wurde chromatographisch gereinigt und als Aminokomponente für Peptidsynthesen mit aktiven Estern von tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-geschützten Aminosäuren eingesetzt. Auf diese Weise gelang die Partialsynthese von NαB1- Leucyl-, Glycyl-, Lysyl- und Glutamylinsulin. Die elektrophorestich (pH 2 und 8,6) und dünnschichtromatographisch einheitlichen Analoga wurden durch biologischet, immunologische und CD-spektrale Daten charakterisiert und konnten kristallisiert werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The pure isomers of cyclic monomers were synthesized besides the linear polymers by cyclocondensation reactions of dodecanedioyl dichloride and the pure isomers of 4,4′-methylenedicyclohexylamine. The resulting cyclic amides were characterized by 1H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy, as well as by HPLC and X-ray diffraction. The content of these cyclic amides in “Qiana”-Polyamide was determined by fractionated extraction and sublimation. Synthesis and properties of monomeric linear condensation product (dicarboxylic acid-type with blocked and free end groups) are also described.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclic oligomers of butylene terephthalate (16a - d) were synthesized by cyclocondensations of the corresponding dicarboxylic acid dichlorides (2 or 13) with diols (4, 10, or 15). The linear educts 2, 4, 10, 13, and 15 were obtained by stepwise synthesis. The resulting cyclic esters 16a - d were characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Terephthalic acid-tert-butyloxyethylesterchloride proved to be a suitable starting material to synthesize ethylene-terephthalate-oligomers, since selective removal of the tert-butyl protecting group without impairing the ethylene-terephthalate ester bonds was successful. However, experiments to synthesize pleionomeric ethylene-terephthalates by the MERRIFIELD method with the tert-butyl protected acid chloride as monomer did not give the expected results.
    Notes: Terephthalsäure-mono-tert-butyloxyäthylesterchlorid ist ein geeignetes Ausgangsprodukt zur Synthese von äthylenterephthalat-Oligomeren, da eine selektive Abspaltung der tert-Butylschutzgruppe mit Trifluoressigsäure neben den Terephthalsäureglykolesterbindungen gelang. Versuche, pleionomere äthylenterephthalate durch eine MERRIFIELD-Synthese mit dem tert-butylgeschützten Säurechlorid als Baustein aufzubauen, verliefen unbefriedigend.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to synthesize the higher oligomers and pleionomers of ethylenterephthalate with methylester endgroups in pure form, the monomethylesterchlorides of the mono-. di-, and trimeric dicarboxylic acids were synthesized. The synthesis of the desired dimethylesters was effected by using the monomethylesterchlorides as earboxylic components and glycol and some oligoesterdiols as bifunctional fragments. The heptameric and higher dimethylesters can be considered pleionomers because they do not differ in some solubility, melting point, IR-spectrum, and DEBYEogramm from the polymer.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der Monomethylesterchloride der mono-, di- und trimeren Dicarbonsäuren mit Glykol sowie Oligoesterdiolen wurden die Dicarbonsäure-dimethylester mit bis zu zehn äthylenterephthalat-Einheiten synthetisiert. Vom Heptameren an waren diese Dimethylester noch nicht beschrieben worden und können als Pleionomere bezeichnet werden, da sie sich in Löslichkeit, Schmelzpunkt, DEBYEogramm und Infrarotspektrum nicht mehr vom Polymeren unterscheiden.
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