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  • AphelinidaeEncarsia spp.  (1)
  • Pulmonary venous flow  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Citrus ; parasites ; AphelinidaeEncarsia spp. ; lethal temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des parasites adultes et des stades immatures de l'Aleurode des Citrus,Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby déjà acclimatés ont été soumis à des températures extrêmes durant 3 h. La mort de tous les adultes d'été d'Encarsia opulenta Silvestri et d'E. smithi intervenait pour des températures comprises entre 35° et 40°.E. opulenta etE. smithi se trouvant à l'intérieur de leur hôte sont incapables d'éclore lorsque les températures atteignent entre 45° et 50°. Au cours d'expériences hivernales, les adultes des 2 espèces d'Encarsia meurent entre −5° et −10°. En comparant les tests de ces 2 saisons, il apparaît qu'un pourcentage plus élevé d'adultes d'E. smithi est capable de survivre à des températures à la fois plus fortes et plus basses que les adultes d'E. opulenta, mais la principale différence interspécifique était la capacité d'E. opulenta de survivre à l'intérieur de son hôte à des températures de −10° à −15°, tandis qu'E. smithi ne le pouvait pas. Des observations limitées relatives àAmitus hesperidum Silvestri [Hym.: Platygasteridae] indiquent que les stades immatures survivent mieux aux températures basses et pas aussi bien aux températures élevées, que ne le font les espèces d'Encarsia.
    Notes: Abstract Seasonally acclimatized adult and immature parasites of the citrus blackfly (CBF),Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, were exposed to high or low temperature extremes for 3 h periods. Death of all summer adults ofEncarsia opulenta Silvestri andE. smithi Silvestri occurred between 35° and 40°C. Within CBF hosts,E. opulenta were not able to emerge when temperatures reached between 45° and 50°C. In winter experiments adults of bothEncarsia species succumbed between −5° and −10°C. In a comparison of the 2 seasonal tests, a higher percentage ofE. smithi adults were able to survive both higher and lower temperatures thanE. opulenta, but the main interspecific difference was the ability ofE. opulenta within CBF to survive −10° to − 15°C whileE. smithi did not. Limited data forAmitus hesperidum Silvestri [Hym.: Platygasteridae] indicated that the immatures survived better at low, and not as well at high, temperatures as either species ofEncarsia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Pulmonary venous flow ; Wave reflection ; Pressure pulse ; Flow pulse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pulmonary venous systolic flow wave has been attributed both to left heart phenomena, such as left atrial relaxation and descent of the mitral annulus, and to propagation of the pulmonary artery pressure pulse through the pulmonary bed from the right ventricle. In this study we hypothesized that all waves in the pulmonary veins originate in the left heart, and that the gross wave features observed in measurements can be explained simply by wave propagation and reflection. A mathematical model of the pulmonary vein was developed; the pulmonary vein was modeled as a lossless transmission line and the pulmonary bed by a three-element lumped parameter model accounting for viscous losses, compliance, and inertia. We assumed that all pulsations originate in the left atrium (LA), the pressure in the pulmonary bed being constant. The model was validated using pulmonary vein pressure and flow recorded 1 cm proximal to the junction of the vein with the left atrium during aortocoronary bypass surgery. For a pressure drop of 6 mmHg across the pulmonary bed, we found a transit time from the left atrium to the pulmonary bed ofτ ≈ 150ms, a compliance of the pulmonary bed ofC ≈ 0.4ml/mmHg, and an inertance of the pulmonary bed of 1.1mmHgs2/ml. The pulse wave velocity of the pulmonary vein was estimated to bec ≈ 1 m/s. Waves, however, travel both towards the left atrium and towards the pulmonary bed. Waves traveling towards the left atrium are attributed to the reflections caused by the mismatch of impedance of line (pulmonary vein) and load (pulmonary bed). Wave intensity analysis was used to identify a period in systole of net wave propagation towards the left atrium for both measurements and model. The linear separation technique was used to split the pressure into one component traveling from the left atrium to the pulmonary bed and a reflected component propagating from the pulmonary bed to the left atrium. The peak of the reflected pressure wave corresponded well with the positive peak in wave intensity in systole. We conclude that the gross features of the pressure and flow waves in the pulmonary vein can be explained in the following manner: the waves originate in the LA and travel towards the pulmonary bed, where reflections give rise to waves traveling back to the LA. Although the gross features of the measured pressure were captured well by the model predicted pressure, there was still some discrepancy between the two. Thus, other factors initiating or influencing waves traveling towards the LA cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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