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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Central mediation of the conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by harmaline (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 384-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; Neophobia ; Oliva inferior ; Saccharin preference ; Learning under anesthesia ; Cerebellar tremor ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The assumption that drugs used as unconditioned stimuli in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) studies act centrally was tested by comparing the effects of systemic and intracerebral injections of harmaline hydrochloride (H) in 340 rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 5–20 mg/kg but not of 2.5 mg/kg H administered 5 min after 15-min saccharin (0.1%) drinking decreased saccharin-water preference in a two-choice retention test, performed 48 h later, from 55% to 20%. Since CTA was not diminished when H (10 mg/kg) was injected into rats anesthetised immediately after saccharin drinking by pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), H (1.7–50 μg) was administered intracerebrally to anesthetised rats fixed in the stereotaxic apparatus. Injection of 3–6 μg H into the inferior olive elicited CTA comparable to that of systemic injection of 10 mg/kg H. Injections of 6 and 50 μg H into cerebellum and bulbar reticular formation elicited weaker CTA while neocortical, hypothalamic and mesencephalic applications were ineffective. CTA could also be elicited when 50 μg but not 6 μg H was injected into the inferior olive 1 or 2 h after saccharin drinking. This delay-dependent effect and failure of non-contingent H administration to change saccharin preference indicates that the H-induced CTA is not contaminated by a non-specific increase in neophobia. It is concluded that H probably elicits CTA by activation of caudal bulbar structures, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema and lateral reticular formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428552
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by intracerebral or systemic administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; N. raphé magnus ; Clorgyline ; Pargyline ; Deprenyl ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) elicited by systemic or intracerebral application of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors clorgyline (C), pargyline (P) or deprenyl (D) was studied in 402 rats. Water-deprived animals were allowed 15 min access to 0.1% sodium saccharin (CS) followed 10 min later by IP or by intracerebral injection of the drug. In the latter case, the animals were anesthetized 5 min after saccharin drinking with pentobarbital and the drug was stereotaxically injected (1 μl/min, 1–2 μl) into the target structure. CTA was assessed in a two-choice retention test performed 2 days later. A geometric progression of three to six dosages applied to groups of rats (n=10) was employed to establish the effective doses of the drugs which were 4, 20 and 32 mg/kg with IP and 2.5, 10 and 80 μg per rat with intracerebral (n. raphé magnus) injections of C, P, and D, respectively. The ratios of intracerebral to systemic dosages eliciting comparable CTA were 1:300 for C, 1:800 for P and 1:100 for D. Injections of 2.5 μg C and 10 μg P into the mesencephalic reticular formation, medial hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were ineffective, as were injections of 10 μg P into the nucleus of the solitary tract and cerebellum. The results indicate that CTA is elicited more efficiently by inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (selectively inhibited by C) than of monoamine oxidase B (selectively inhibited by D).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217064
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Licking during forced spout alternation in rats: resetting the pacemaker or disconnecting the motor output? (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 561-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rhythmic movement ; Licking ; Motor learning ; Hypoglossal activity ; Videorecording ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats trained to alternate between two adjacent drinking spouts (each spout is retracted after a single lick and presented again after the animal has licked at the other spout) emit 2.5 licks instead of the optimum 1 lick per spout presentation. The question whether the pacemaker of licking is reset or continues to run during transition between spouts was addressed in three experiments performed in 10 highly overtrained rats. Videorecording analysis of oro-facial activities showed that the rat's mouth was firmly closed during the 500 ms transition between spouts. EEG was recorded from the region of hypoglossal nucleus with implanted bipolar electrodes during continued licking at one spout and during spout alternation. Averaging (n = 256, 1024 ms) centered around the onset of the first lick at the newly contacted spout showed 2–3 lick related potentials in the post-transitional interval whereas only one such wave occasionally appeared at the end of the pre-transition period. Computer plotted distributions of post-transition licks (timed with respect to the last pre-transition lick) were examined while the horizontal or vertical distance between spouts was increased. Growing spout separation changed the height but not the timing of the modes of the post-transition lick distribution. This phase-locked synchronization of pre- and post-transition licks indicates that the central timing network of the lick generator is not reset but continues to run during transition between spouts and that the cessation of tongue movements is due to inhibition of the intracycle pattern generator and motor output. It is concluded that more sensitive recording techniques are required to detect the activity of the central timing network in absence of overt licking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247603
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stability of firing patterns of hypothalamic neurons subjected to direct electrical or chemical stimulation (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Single units ; Spontaneous and stimulated activity ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relationship between mean firing rate and activity pattern was studied in 177 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats immobilized by Remyolan. Stationary epochs of spontaneous or stimulated activity containing at least 512 interspike intervals were analyzed with the LINC computer. The most frequently encountered interval histograms (IHs) were of the exponential (35%) or gamma 2 (25%) type. The IH shape remained unchanged even if the average firing rate was varied over a wide range (from 20/sec to 2/sec) by polarization through the recording microelectrode (2–5 nA, 1–10 min) or by intracarotid injection of glucose (0.1 ml, 10–25%). The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/ mean interval) was 1.03 for the spontaneous and 0.90 or 0.95 for the activity influenced by polarization or glucose, respectively. Since according to other studies sensory stimulation decreases CV by reorganization of the synaptic input, it is suggested that polarization and glucose affect predominantly the postsynaptic elements without significantly changing the presynaptic activity pattern.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234956
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extent of the tetrodotoxin induced blockade examined by pupillary paralysis elicited by intracerebral injection of the drug (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 83 (1991), S. 687-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Tetrodotoxin ; Intracerebral injection of drugs ; Edinger ; Westphal nucleus ; Functional ablation ; Pupil ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Spatial extent and duration of the functional blockade elicited by intracerebral injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was examined in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Pupillary diameter was measured under dissecting microscope before and up to 24 h after injection of TTX (10 ng/l μl saline) into or 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm lateral from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. TTX administration elicited mydriasis the latency of which was directly and amplitude indirectly proportional to the target-injection distance. The maximum mydriasis attained 3.4 mm, lasted 2 h and slowly decayed over subsequent 20 h. Impulse transmission and conduction was blocked in a spherical volume of tissue about 3 mm in diameter the development of which could be approximated by diffusion from an instantaneous point source. Completeness and full reversibility make the TTX block a convenient research tool.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229849
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pupillary paralysis evoked by thalamic spreading depression in rats (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Spreading depression ; Pupilla ; Thalamus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Spreading depression elicited in the thalamus of albino rats anesthetized with Dial by microinjection of 0.2–1.0 μl 25% KCl is accompanied by a maximal pupillary dilatation of the paralytic type. The mydriasis starts immediately after KCl application, culminates about 90 sec later and then slowly subsides with a half time of about 5 min. Although with lateralized KCl application thalamic spreading depression reaches the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body approximately 1 min earlier than the contralateral one, the pupillary reactions are strictly synchronous in both eyes. Participation of the sympathetic fibres was ruled out by the observation that thalamic spreading depression evokes the same mydriasis in the “encéphale isolé” rats. Cortical spreading depression, on the contrary, elicits only slight and shortlasting mydriasis. Comparison of the spatial march of spreading depression through the thalamus with the time course of the pupillary reaction indicates that the maximum mydriasis is probably caused by direct invasion of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus by the spreading depression process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240404
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Radial maze as a tool for assessing the effect of drugs on the working memory of rats (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 77 (1982), S. 268-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Radial maze ; Working memory ; Physostigmine ; Amphetamine ; Scopolamine ; Apomorphine ; Piracetam ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg), d,l-amphetamine (1 mg/kg), apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg), and piracetam (100 mg/kg) on working memory was examined in 12 rats that were highly overtrained in the radial maze. In experiment 1, drugs administered 10 min before the trial did not worsen performance of rats in the 12-arm maze. In experiment 2, insertion of a 5-min delay between the sixth and seventh choices increased the number of errors over choices 7–12. Performance was unaffected by pretreatment with physostigmine or apomorphine, but was significantly impaired by scopolamine, amphetamine, and piracetam. In experiment 3, performed in a 24-arm maze, the number of errors and trial duration increased, but performance was not decreased by amphetamine or piracetam. It is concluded that the uninterrupted radial maze task is relatively resistant to pharmacological disruption, but that scopolamine, amphetamine, and piracetam enhance the effect of stimuli interfering with the storage of spatial information over delays.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464578
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