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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats: Effects of concurrent access to water and alternate positions of water and ethanol (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Ethanol Drinking ; Water-Ethanol Choice ; Concurrent Schedules ; Ethanol Concentration ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Water and ethanol solutions were concurrently made available on a continuous reinforcement schedule to 4 food-deprived male albino rats during daily 1-hr sessions in an operant conditioning chamber equipped with 2 levers and 2 liquid dippers. The number of ethanol reinforcements substantially exceeded the number of water reinforcements for each rat at each concentration studied (8, 16, and 32% w/v). Water reinforcements were low in number and did not vary with ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol reinforcements obtained decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g of body weight/hr) increased. The highest rate of responding occurred at the beginning of the session.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437609
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of scopolamine on variable intertrial interval spatial alternation and memory in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory ; Storage ; Scopolamine ; Alternating discrimination ; Variable intertrial interval spatial alternation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A repeated measures procedure, variable intertrial interval (ITI) spatial alternation, was used to assess scopolamine effects on memory, and to compare effects of the drug on discrimination processes with effects on storage. Rats learned in two stages to press left and right levers in alternation on discrete trials separated by 5 different ITI's ranging from 2.5 to 40 s and presented in random order during the experimental session. In the first stage, alternating discrimination, alternation was controlled by a light on over the correct lever at the time of the trial; in the second stage, variable ITI spatial alternation, a centrally located panel light signalled all trials and alternation was controlled by stimuli from prior trials (‘memory’). Alternation response occurrence declined moderately (but significantly) with increasing ITI duration in both the alternating discrimination and variable ITI spatial alternation stages; response occurrence was also significantly decreased by scopolamine treatment in both stages. Accuracy of alternating discrimination performance was not significantly altered by either ITI duration or scopolamine treatment. Accuracy of variable ITI spatial alternation performance on a trial varied inversely with the duration of the ITI that preceded the trial. Scopolamine treatment significantly reduced accuracy of lever pressing in variable ITI spatial alternation but did not alter the slope of the curves relating accuracy to ITI duration. These effects indicate that the drug impaired discrimination processes but did not alter memory storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427281
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: Role of taste, olfaction, and auditory stimuli (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Etonitazene ; Etonitazene reinforcement ; Concurrent schedules ; Choice procedures ; Rats ; Taste ; Olfaction ; Auditory stimuli ; Discriminative stimuli ; Conditioned reinforcers ; Fixed-ratio schedules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Etonitazene and water were concurrently available to four rats during daily 1 h sessions in operant conditioning chambers equipped with two levers and two liquid dippers. A food-induced training procedure was used whereby etonitazene drinking was rapidly established by presenting rats with gradually increased drug concentrations with their daily food ration. When food was subsequently removed from the session and given post-session, etonitazene responding persisted. The rats were subsequently trained on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules with concurrent access to etonitazene and water. The number of dipper presentations compared with etonitazene concentrations (0.078–10.0 μg/ml) resulted in a typical inverted U-shaped function while etonitazene intake (μg/kg) increased directly with concentration. After drinking large quantities of etonitazene the rats showed ataxia, hyper-activity, and stereotypy. Extinction tests demonstrated that rats could discriminate between etonitazene and water on the basis of one dipper full of each liquid; the amount of etonitazene in one dipper was 0.0078 μg. Further tests showed that this discrimination was based on taste or immediate post-ingestional feedback rather than olfactory cues. An auditory stimulus was presented concurrently with responses on the drug lever; however, there was no difference in responding for the drug in the presence or absence of this stimulus except at the lowest concentration. After the extinction tests, when the lowest drug concentration was again available with concurrent water, responding was substantially higher in the presence of stimulus associated with availability of etonitazene. The results extend previous work on oral narcotic intake to a lever-press concurrent choice procedure which is sensitive to reinforcing effects of the drug at low concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427336
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol-reinforced behavior of rats with concurrent access to food and water (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Concurrent schedule ; Ethanol drinking ; Water drinking ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; Ethanol concentration ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dippers filled with water or an ethanol solution were presented to male Wistar rats contingent on lever-pressing under a concurrent fixed-ratio 1 (water) fixed-ratio 1 (ethanol) schedule. During Phase I, when maintenance feedings were given during instead of following the daily 3-h sessions, the feedings increased drinking of both 8% (w/v) ethanol and water, with 8% ethanol being consumed in greater volumes than water. In Phase II, a 28-day transitional period from the food-deprived to the food-satiated state, continuous access to food during 3-h sessions moderately decreased 8% ethanol intake, and increased water intake and total liquid intake (water plus 8% ethanol). In Phase III, concurrent water and ethanol intake of food-satiated rats was compared over two identical series of ethanol concentrations (8, 11.3, 16, 22.6, 32, and 8% retest). Food was freely available in both the operant conditioning chambers and home cages. The number of dipper presentations of ethanol exceeded presentations of water for each rat at each concentration studied. Presentations of water were low in number and did not vary with the ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol presentations decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g body weight/h) generally increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428023
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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