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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling between proximal tubular transport processes (1977)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 368 (1977), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; H+ ion secretion ; Na+ coupled transport ; Ouabain ; SITS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of active transport by the proximal renal tubule of amino acid (l-histidine), sugar (α-methyl-d-glycoside), H+ ions (glycodiazine), phosphate and para-aminohippurate was evaluated by measuring the zero net flux concentration difference (Δc) of these substances. In the case of calcium the electrochemical potential differenceΔc +zFci Δϕ/RT) was the criterion employed. The rate of isotonic Na+-absorption (JNa) was measured with the shrinking droplet method. The effect of ouabain on the transport of these substances was tested in the golden hamster and the effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4′isothiocyanatostilbene 2,2′-disulfonic acid) was observed in rats. Ouabain (1 mM) applied peritubularly incompletely inhibited JNa (80%), but in combination with acetazolamide (0.2 mM) the inhibition was almost complete (93%). In addition, ouabain inhibited the sodium coupled (secondary active) transport processes ofl-histidine, α-methyl-d-glycoside, calcium and phosphate by more than 75%. It did not affect H+ (glycodiazine) transport and PAH transport was only slightly affected. When SITS (1 mM) was applied from both sides of the cell it inhibited H+ (glycodiazine) transport by 72% and reduced JNa by 38% when given from only the peritubular cell side. SITS (1 mM), however, had no significant affect on H+ secretion and sodium reabsorption if it was applied from only the luminal side. Furthermore it had no affect on the other transport processes tested, regardless of the cell side to which it was applied. When the HCO 3 − buffer or physically related buffers were omitted from the perfusate the absorption of Na+ was reduced by 66%, phosphate by 44%, andl-histidine by 15%. All the other transport processes tested were not significantly affected. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the active transport processes of histidine, α-methyl-d-glycoside and phosphate, which are located in the brush border, are driven by a sodium gradient which is abolished by ouabain. This may also apply to the Na+-Ca2+ countertransport located at the contraluminal cell side. The residual Na+ transport remaining in the presence of ouabain is likely to be passively driven by the continuing H+ transport which probably is driven directly by ATP. SITS seems to inhibit the exit step of HCO 3 − from the cell and secondary to that, the luminal H+-Na+ exchange and consequently the Na+ reabsorption. In the absence of HCO 3 − buffer in the perfusates the luminal H+-Na+ exchange seems to be affected and the pattern of inhibition of the other transport processes is almost the same as with SITS. The different effects onP i reabsorption observed under these conditions might be explained by possible variations in intracellular pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reabsorption of monocarboxylic acids in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney (1982)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 395 (1982), S. 212-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: SITS ; Probenecid ; Phloretin ; Acetazolamide ; Lactate ; Renal tubule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The transport ofd-lactate across the epithelium of the late proximal convolution was investigated by two methods: 1. by measuring the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference (Δc tt,45s) and the permeability (P) ofd-lactate and calculating from both the transtubular active transport rate (J lac act ). 2. By measuring the 3.5 s efflux ofd-lactate from the tubular lumen, while blood was flowing through the capillaries. The 3.5 s efflux comprises two components, one going through the brush border (J lac bb ) and one going the paracellular pathway (J lac paracell =P lac·c lac lumen). Both,J lac act andJ lac bb ofd-lactate gave the sameK m 1.9 and 1.7 mmol/l and the same maximal transport rate 3.2 and 2.9 pmol cm−1 s−1. TheK i ofl-lactate tested againstJ lac act andJ lac bb ofd-lactate was also the same: 1.1 and 1.0 mmol/l. These data indicate that under our experimental conditions only the flux through the brush border seems to be rate limiting and thatd-lactate uses the same transport system asl-lactate. When Na+ was omitted from the perfusatesJ lac act disappeared completely, whileJ lac bb was reduced by 64%. These data reflect the Na+ dependence of thed-lactate transport through the brush border. Variation of intra-and extracellular pH by raisingpCO2, omitting HCO 3 − from the perfusates or adding acetazolamide had no effect on the transport ofd-lactate when α-ketoglutarate was used as fuel. However, when acetate was used as fuel, intracellular acidosis brought the reducedJ lac act back to the values obtained with α-ketoglutarate as fuel. It is suggested that this is an effect on a contraluminal transport step. Probenecid (5 mmol/l) and phloretin (0.25 mmol/l) inhibitedJ lac act significantly.J lac bb , however, was only inhibited by probenecid when acetate was used as fuel. These data indicate that both compounds act on thed-lactate exit at the contraluminal cell side, but that probenecid acts in addition at the luminal cell side. SITS (1 mmol/l) augmentedJ lac bb when acetate was used as fuel and is similar to the effect of lowering intracellular pH as described above. The SH reagents mersalyl (1.0 mmol/l) and maleolylglycine (1 mmol/l) did not influenceJ lac bb .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584812
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of bicarbonate and other buffers on isotonic fluid absorption in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 330 (1971), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Proximal Convolution ; Isotonic Reabsorption ; Bicarbonate Buffer ; Lipid Soluble Buffers ; Sodium Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluid reabsorption from the proximal convolution of the rat kidney was measured with the Gertz shrinking droplet technique. Simultaneously, the peritubular capillaries were perfused with artificial solutions. In some experimental series, fluid from the shrinking droplet was withdrawn and analysed for Cl−, Na+, and osmolality so that the transtubular transport of Na+, Cl−, and HCO 3 − could be calculated. Capillary perfusate in some experiments was also withdrawn and its pH was measured. The following results were obtained: 1. With increasing concentration of HCO 3 − in the capillary perfusate, the transtubular water, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate reabsorption increased. 2. The sulfonamide buffers sulfamerazine and glycodiazine (Redul®), which easily penetrate the tubular wall, could, in equimolar concentrations, substitute totally for the bicarbonate buffer in promoting isotonic fluid absorption. 3. Butyrate, propionate, and acetate were also effective; pyruvate, lactate, and paraaminohippurate, however, were not. 4. The effect of HCO 3 − and glycodiazine on isotonic absorption was shown to depend exclusively on the concentration of the buffer anion and not on the concentration of undissociated acid or pH. From these data it is suggested that for proximal isotonic absorption of water, sodium, and chloride, the reabsorption of buffer anions via H+ secretion and nonionic diffusion may be essential. The H+ secretion or the buffer anion absorption across the luminal cell wall may secondarily influence the active Na+ transporting mechanism located at the basal cell site either by a luminal H+−Na+ exchange mechanism or by a lyotropic effect which would increase the Na+ permeability of the luminal cell site. Thereby more Na+ would be delivered to the Na+ pumping site and the rate of Na+ pumping would be augmented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643031
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of luminal diameter and flow velocity on the isotonic fluid absorption and36Cl permeability of the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 324 (1971), S. 288-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal Microperfusion ; Isotonic Reabsorption ; Tracer Permeability ; Glomerulo Tubular Balance ; Renale Mikroperfusion ; Isotone Resorption ; Tracerpermeabilität ; Glomerulotubuläre Balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first experimental series proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were perfused with a modified Ringer solution and the isotonic fluid absorption was measured. In a second series the tubule was perfused with equilibrium solution which contained36Cl and the chloride permeability was determined. By the recollection method each individual tubule was perfused twice either at constant luminal diameter but different perfusion rates (10:30 or 6:16 nl/min) or at constant perfusion rates but different luminal diameters (20:30 μ). The perfusate was recollected at two different sites which were at least 500 μ distant from the infusion site. The isotonic fluid absorption as well as the36Cl permeability was unchanged when the tubule was distended from 20–30 μ. Both, however, increased about 20% when the perfusion rate was increased 3-fold. The data led to the following conclusions: 1. It is unlikely that there is a flow reactor type dependence of proximal tubular transport on flow rate. 2. The tubular distension cannot be responsible for the glomerulo-tubular balance. 3. It is more advantageous to relate permeability data of the rat nephron to tubular length. 4. In microperfusion experiments non steady sampling does not affect transepithelial fluxes per unit tubular length, provided that the pump delivery is constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592457
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