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  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (1)
  • Schlüsselwörter Myasthenia gravis – Edrophonium Test – Dekrement – Acetylcholin Rezeptor – Ermüdbarkeit  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Herz-, Thorax- und Gefässchirurgie 12 (1998), S. 250-255 
    ISSN: 0930-9225
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Myasthenia gravis – Edrophonium Test – Dekrement – Acetylcholin Rezeptor – Ermüdbarkeit ; Key words myasthenia gravis – edrophonium – decrement – acetylcholin receptor – muscle fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The typical clinical features of myasthenia gravis are weakness and excessive fatiguability of striated muscles that increases during the course of the day or after strenous exercise. Ocular muscle involvement with ptosis (in 50%) and diplopia (in 25%) are the most common initial signs. The disease can progress to bulbar muscles and to all other striated muscles (generalized myasthenia). The muscle fatiguability and a fluctuating course can mislead to a diagnosis of neurasthenia. Since the treatment of myasthenia gravis is directed at the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease an early diagnosis is of great significance for the course of the disease. Also, a false positive diagnosis of myasthenia has to be avoided because of the potentially hazardous side effects of the therapy. The mainstay of the diagnosis is the history and a subtle clinical examination with tests of excessive muscle fatiguability. The injection of edrophonium (Tensilon®), the electrodiagnostic testing after repitive stimulation (decrement test) and the testing for serum antibodies against acetylcholin receptors have to be performed to secure the diagnosis of myasthenia. The edrophonium test and the decrement test can yield false positive results in other neuromuscular diseases. Antibodies are present in 50% of ocular myasthenia and in 80–90% of the generalized form. The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, other neuromuscular diseases, mitochondrial diseases, diseases of the cranial nerves, botulism and the rare congenital myasthenic syndromes have to be considered as differential diagnosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine typisch ausgeprägte Myasthenia gravis (MG) läßt sich schon nach kurzer Anamnese und Untersuchung diagnostizieren, wenn an das Leitsymptom der nach Muskelarbeit zunehmenden, in Ruhe rasch nachlassenden Schwäche der quergestreiften Muskulatur gedacht wird. Diese belastungsabhängige, im Laufe des Tages zunehmende Schwäche, besonders der Augen- und der proximalen Extremitätenmuskeln, ist aber nicht immer so unverkennbar vorhanden. Es kommt daher immer wieder zu langjährigen diagnostischen Irrwegen oder sogar zur Verkennung der Erkrankung als psychosomatische Störung. Da mit den therapeutischen Optionen der Immunsuppression und der Thymektomie in die pathogenetischen Mechanismen der Myasthenia gravis eingegriffen werden kann, ist eine möglichst frühzeitige Diagnose von besonderer Wichtigkeit für den Verlauf der Erkrankung. Es ist andererseits essentiell, angesichts der möglichen Nebenwirkungen und Invasivität der Therapie keine falsch positive Myasthenie Diagnose zu stellen. Der klinischen Differentialdiagnostik der erworbenen autoimmunen Myasthenia gravis kommt daher eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Sie stützt sich im wesentlichen auf die Anamnese und die neurologische Untersuchung, den pharmakologischen Test mit Edrophonium (Camsilon), die Elektrodiagnostik (Dekrementprüfung im EMG) und den Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Achetylcholinrezeptoren (AchRez) im Serum. Die Myasthenia gravis muß von anderen myasthenen Syndromen mit Störung der neuromuskulären Übertragung und weiteren Erkrankungen mit dem Symptom ‘Muskelschwäche’ abgegrenzt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Phenylketonuria ; Myelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; 1H spectroscopy ; T2 relaxometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to further clarify the pathogenesis and clinical significance of MRI white matter abnormalities in treated hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA), ten patients (seven type I HPA, two type II and one type III) underwent T2 relaxometry (n=8) and/or1H spectroscopy (n=7) in addition to conventional MR spin-echo imaging at 1.5 T. Two patients with severe MRI abnormalities had repeat examinations during and after a 6-to 8-month period of strict diet control. The clinical evaluation included a detailed neurological examination. In nine out of ten patients visual evoked potentials (VEP) were obtained parallel to the MR examination. MR imaging demonstrated typical symmetrical areas of prolonged T2 relaxation time predominantly in the posterior periventricular white matter in all but one of type I and II patients. There was no consistent relationship between MRI findings and time of diagnosis/initiation of therapy, IQ or visual evoked potential changes. MRI abnormalities tended to be more severe in patients with poor dietary control and high current plasma phenylalanine levels, whereas a normal MRI was found only in patients with plasma phenylalanine levels continuously below 0.36 mmol/l. There was marked regression of MRI abnormalities already after 3 months of strict diet control. T2 relaxometry showed a bi-exponential behaviour of T2 in the affected white matter, with a slow component of about 200–450 ms, indicating an increase in free (extracellular) water.1H spectroscopy revealed no signs of severe neuronal damage. We conclude, that the observed white matter changes in treated HPA probably represent reversible structural myelin changes rather than permanent demyelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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