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  • Smoking  (4)
  • Organic Chemistry  (2)
  • Buspirone  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of cigarette widhdrawal symptoms while using nicotine gum (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Withdrawal symptoms ; Timecourse ; Nicotine gum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ratings of withdrawal symptoms were provided at weekly intervals by 147 smokers clinic clients who managed complete abstinence for 4 weeks. The ratings followed a similar temporal pattern regardless of amount of nicotine gum used. Irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating and restlessness peaked in the 1 st week or two and returned to baseline by week 4. Hunger was more persistent. Craving was reported to be the most troublesome withdrawal symptom at first, although by the 4th week hunger was cited almost as often. Across all subjects,e venings were cited most often as the worst time of day for craving but among heavier smokers and those who used more nicotine gum mornings were considered worst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634470
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine addiction: a re-analysis of the arguments (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 408-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Dependence ; Addiction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the arguments put forward by Robinson and Pritchard (R&P, this volume) that the conclusions of the US Surgeon General (USDHHS 1988) that nicotine is addictive were ill founded. R&P state that nicotine does not cause intoxication, that many smokers do not exhibit compulsive use, that nicotine is not a euphoriant, that nicotine is a weak reinforcer in other species, that non-pharmacological aspects of smoking are important and that negative affect control accounts for more of the variance in questionnaire measures of smoking motives than does habit. This paper points out that intoxication and a euphoriant effect are not normally considered to be central to dependence potential, that no addictive drug results in compulsive use in all users in all situations, that animals do reliably self-administer nicotine, that evidence concerning the apparent importance of non-pharmacological components of smoking do not diminish the importance of pharmacological aspects and that “variance accounted for” of self-report measures of smoking motivation do not bear on the issue of the importance of those motives. The paper concludes with a summary of the essence of the argument that cigarettes are addictive and that nicotine is the primary focus of that addiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247413
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of cigarette smoking in relation to examinations (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 456-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Examination anxiety ; Stress ; Arousal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-two college students took part in a study on motives underlying increases in cigarette smoking prior to examinations. One group was tested a month before, and a second group was tested the day before, the start of examinations. Measures were taken of current cigarette consumption, general anxiety, anxiety about forthcoming exams, the importance of sedative and stimulant smoking motives, hours spent revising and in other activities and amount smoked during these activities. The results indicated that the students increased the hours they spent revising and there was a corresponding increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during this activity. They also reported an increase in the importance of stimulant smoking motives. Anxiety levels increased in the run up to exams but there was no increase in sedative smoking motives. The results raise the issue of whether any anxiolytic action of nicotine may be limited to acute stressors and also whether smokers' use of cigarettes to help them stay alert during revision translates into improved examination performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247421
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of buspirone on cigarette withdrawal symptoms and short-term abstinence rates in a smokers clinic (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buspirone ; Smokers ; Withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a double blind trial of the effect of buspirone, 15 mg per day, on cigarette withdrawal symptoms and ability of smokers to maintain abstinence during treatment. A total of 61 smokers were randomly assigned to active or placebo conditions. They were maintained on their drug for 2 weeks prior to attempting abstinence and then for a further 4 weeks of abstinence. Subjects attended weekly group sessions of a psychological treatment programme. There was no evidence that the side effects in the active drug group were worse than those in the placebo group. Although there was no significant difference between active and placebo conditions on withdrawal symptoms, smokers in the active drug condition were more than twice as likely to maintain abstinence for the duration of the study than those in the placebo condition (47% versus 16%, chi square = 5.3,P〈0.025). The results provide preliminary evidence for short-term efficacy of buspirone as an aid to smoking cessation at a low dose. They also provide evidence of a dissociation between withdrawal symptoms and successful abstinence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244560
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of glucose tablets on craving for cigarettes (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 555-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Glucose ; Craving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clients attending a smokers clinic were randomly allocated to two groups to assess the effects of glucose tablets in reducing craving for cigarettes. Smokers who had already been abstinent for 1 week were eligible to take part in the study. All subjects completed ratings relating to urge to smoke and craving. Then subjects in one group were given packets of dextrose tablets and those in the other group were given packets of tablets containing sorbitol (a low calorie sweetener). Ratings of urges to smoke and craving were taken after 1 week, during which time the subjects had been asked to chew their tablets ad lib. Eight out of ten smokers in each group maintained abstinence. The remaining two smokers either did not abstain or did not turn up for the second measurement session. There was a significant reduction in ratings of urges to smoke and craving in the glucose group compared with the sorbitol group. These results support a theory postulating a link between glucoregulation and cigarette craving. If the results are replicated and it is shown that the reduction in craving translates into improved abstinence rates, oral glucose could be of assistance to smokers wishing to give up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244237
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinitiation of vinyl polymerization by polysilanes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 1 (1987), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Polysilanes ; photoinitiation ; polymerisation ; vinyl monomers ; thin films ; photolysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polysilanes were found to photoinitiate the polymerization of a variety of vinyl monomers including methyl methacrylate, styrene, ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid. Polymerization initiated by polysilane photolysis is rather insensitive to oxygen inhibition, which may make it especially suitable for polymerization of thin films. The initiation efficiency of poly(phenylmethylsilylene) in styrene was determined from dilatometry data to be 1 × 10-3. This rather low efficiency is counterbalanced by the very high extinction coefficient of polysilane polymers, ca. 4-8 × 103 per silicon atom. Possible reasons for the low initiation efficiency and reduced oxygen inhibition of polysilane photoinitiators are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590010103
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilicon polymers with alternating σ- and π-conjugated systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8 (1994), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organosilicon ; polymers ; semiconducting ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of organosilicon polymers containing polysilane and diethynylaryl units along the polymer backbone were synthesized and examined with respect to their optical absorptions. The results indicate that delocalization takes place through the σ-π conjugated system. Lengthening of π-conjugation leads to lower excitation energies while nearly identical UV-vis spectra are observed with increased Si-Si chain length. Introducing a thiophene unit into the π-system instead of a benzene unit leads to a bathochromic shift reflecting greater σ-π delocalization. The polymers undergo photodegradation, probably via cleavage of the Si-Si bonds, and thermal crosslinking by reaction at the C≡C triple bonds. When doped with iodine, these polymers become semiconducting with conductivity of the order of 10-4 S cm-1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080417
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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