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  • Solid-state reactions  (3)
  • electrical conductivity  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 621 (1995), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ternary oxides ; anionic gold ; Cs3AuO ; Rb3AuO ; K3AuO ; preparation ; single-crystal structure determination ; analysis of molar volumes ; electrical conductivity ; magnetic properties ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Oxides containing Anionic GoldThe preparation and crystal structure of the novel ternary oxides M3AuO (M = Cs, Rb, K) containing anionic gold is reported. Cs3AuO (a = 7.830(1) Å, c = 7.060(1) Å) crystallizes as a hexagonal, Rb3AuO (a = 5.501(1) Å) and K3AuO (a = 5.240(1) Å) as a cubic anti perovskite. Concerning to the ionic description (M+)3Au-O2- in Cs3AuO gold exists as an anion. In Rb3AuO and K3AuO the anionic character of gold decreases respectively. The analysis of bond length and molar volumes gives support to this view, as well as investigations of conductivity and magnetic properties do.
    Notes: Über die Darstellung und Kristallstrukturen der neuen ternären Oxide M3AuO (M = Cs, Rb, K) mit anionischem Gold wird berichtet. Cs3AuO (a = 7,830(1) Å, c = 7,060(1) Å) kristallisiert als hexagonaler, Rb3AuO (a = 5,501(1) Å) und K3AuO (a = 5,240(1) Å) als kubischer anti-Perowskit. Gemäß der Formulierung (M+)3Au-O2- liegt Gold in Cs3AuO als Anion vor. In den Verbindungen der leichteren Alkalimetalle nimmt der anionische Charakter von Gold sukzessiv ab. Die Analyse der Bindungslängen und Molvolumina belegt diese Sichtweise, ebenso die durchgeführten Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen und magnetischen Messungen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 1098-1110 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Bond theory ; Solid-state reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The distinction between valence electrons and essentially inactive core electrons is the basis of many classifying concepts in chemistry. However, it has recently been recognized that this is an oversimplification and should, at least in some areas of chemistry, be modified. Many cases are known where cations with closed d10 configurations are subject to homoatomic interactions that influence structure and properties. A characteristic and surprisingly uniform structural feature (e.g., of a number of compounds containing monovalent coinage metals) is a clusterlike assembly of d10 cations that corresponds in geometry and bond lengths to fragments of the metal structures themselves. Further evidence for a special type of bonding in such compounds is provided by their physical properties; for example, the absorption in the UV/VIS region shows a drastic redshift and the compounds are often conductors or semiconductors. The d electrons in such cases have obviously lost their pure “core” nature. All bonding models so far proposed for such systems involve mixing of higher orbitals.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ternary oxopalladates ; mixed valent palladium ; high pressure synthesis ; crystal structure ; magnetic properties ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Structure and Physical Properties of some New Members of the LaPd2O4 FamilyThe new mixed valent oxopalladates MPd2O4 (M = Pr, Nd, Gd, Y) have been synthesized from the binary oxides in presence of a solid oxygen carrier (KClO3) by applying hydrostatic pressure (ca. 2 GPa). According to X-ray investigations these oxides crystallize in space group I 41/a (No. 88) and are isotypic to LaPd2O4 (PrPd2O4: a = 5.8382(2), c = 10.1687(5) Å; NdPd2O4: a = 5.8419(3), c = 10.1949(6) Å; GdPd2O4: a = 5.7799(3), c = 10.0677(8) Å; YPd2O4: a = 5.7359(3), c = 9.9829(8) Å). The crystal structure consists of square planar PdO4 units which are stacked to form columnar arrangements along [1 00] and [0 10], respectively. The PdO4 squares are connected via common corners to a three-dimensional framework. By substitution of Pr3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ and Y3+ for lanthanum the Pd—Pd distances decrease and the electrical conductivities increase. The oxopalladates investigated in this work are black, paramagnetic and semiconducting. At ambient pressure they decompose at temperatures above 880 K into elemental palladium and the binary rare earth oxides.
    Notes: Die neuen gemischtvalenten Oxopalladate MPd2O4 (M = Pr, Nd, Gd, Y) entstehen unter hydrostatischem Druck (ca. 2 GPa) in Anwesenheit eines festen Sauerstoffträgers (KClO3) aus den binären Oxiden. Nach den Einkristallstrukturuntersuchungen bzw. der Rietveld-Verfeinerung an Pulvern kristallisieren die Seltenerdoxopalladate in der tetragonalen Raumgruppe I 41/a (Nr. 88) und sind isotyp mit LaPd2O4 (PrPd2O4: a = 5,8382(2), c = 10,1687(5) Å; NdPd2O4: a = 5,8419(3), c = 10,1949(6) Å; GdPd2O4: a = 5,7799(3), c = 10,0677(8) Å; YPd2O4: a = 5,7359(3), c = 9,9829(8) Å). Die Kristallstruktur enthält quadratisch planare PdO4-Einheiten, die entlang [100] und [0 10] gestapelt und über gemeinsame Ecken zu einem dreidimensionalen Gerüst verknüpft sind. Die Substitution von Lanthan durch die „kleineren“ Ionen Pr3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ und Y3+ führt zu einer Verringerung des Pd—Pd-Abstandes innerhalb der Stapel. Parallel dazu wird eine Zunahme der spezifischen Leitfähigkeit beobachtet. Alle im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchten Oxopalladate zeigen eine für Halbleiter typische Widerstandscharakteristik und sind paramagnetisch. Sie zersetzen sich unter Atmosphärendruck bei Temperaturen oberhalb 880 K zu elementarem Palladium und den binären Seltenerdoxiden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkali metals ; Solid-state reactions ; Ion conductors ; Conducting materials ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transport phenomena in the solid state are of equal importance in basic research and practice. In the past two decades particular interest has been directed towards so-called “fast” or “super” ionic conductors because of their attractive potential applications. We have synthesized highly conductive alkali-metal ionic conductors based on ionic crystals in which, on the one hand, high concentrations of the charge carriers can be realized by doping (point defects in the cation substructure) and, on the other, the activation energy of the interchange of sites is decreased by translationally fixed but rotationally mobile complex anions. Mixed crystals with Na3PO4 or Na3AlF6 structures have proven especially suitable in this connection. With the object of establishing a broader experimental foundation for clarifying the controversially discussed question of whether the higher free transport volume or the rotational motion of the anions is responsible for the high cation mobility in these rotary phases we have systematically varied the type of anions and concentration of defects and monitored the resulting changes in conductivity. Although the macroscopical characteristics investigated are not suitable for explaining mechanisms in detail at the atomic level, the results afford clear support for the assumption of a “paddle wheel mechanism”; but also effects of the enlarged transport volume are not to be disputed. Both these effects enhancing the cationic conductivity are concomitantly operative in amounts varying from system to system; they cannot be totally separated from each other. Seen in this light, the alternative, “volume effect” or “paddle wheel mechanism,” is not as sharply defined as was previously discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35 (1996), S. 1286-1304 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: computer chemistry ; solid-state structures ; structure prediction ; synthesis planning ; Computer chemistry ; Solid-state reactions ; Solid-state structures ; Solid-phase synthesis ; Structure prediction ; Synthesis design ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented here that allows, in principle, the prediction of the existence and structure of (meta)stable solid compounds. It is based on a set of adjustable modules that are applied to the study of the energy function of the chemical system of interest. The main elements are a set of routines for global optimization and local minimization, as well as algorithms for the investigation of the phase space structure near local minima of the potential energy, and the analysis and characterization of the structure candidates. The current implementation focuses on ionic compounds, for which empirical potentials are used for the evaluation of the energy function in the first stage, and a Hartree-Fock algorithm for refinements. The global optimization is performed with a stochastic simulated annealing algorithm, and the local minimization employs stochastic quenches and gradient methods. The neighborhoods of the local minima are studied with the threshold algorithm. The results of this approach are illustrated with a number of examples: compounds of binary noble gases, and binary and ternary ionic compounds. These include several substances that have not been synthesized yet, but should stand a fair chance of being kinetically stable, for example further alkali metal nitrides besides Li3N, as well as Ca3SiBr2 or SrTi2O5.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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