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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal modulation of acoustic startle: Opposite effects of clonidine and d-amphetamine (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Startle ; Clonidine ; Spinal cord ; Yohimbine ; d-Amphetamine ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Direct infusion of d-amphetamine (25–400 μg) or phenylephrine (12.5–50 μg) onto the spinal cord (intrathecal administration) increased acoustic startle amplitude. These effects were blocked by IP injection of the α1-adrenergic antagonist WB-4101, but not the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. In contrast, intrathecal administration of clonidine (0.9–12.5 μg) markedly depressed startle. This effect was not blocked by IP administration of WB-4101 or cyproheptadine, but was blocked by IP or intrathecal administration of the α2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg), which by itself increased startle. Moreover, intrathecal yohimbine (100 μg) attenuated the depressant effect of IP clonidine, indicating that the spinal cord partially mediates the depressant effects on startle after systemic administration of clonidine. Thus clonidine does not behave like an α1-adrenergic on acoustic startle, even when introduced directly onto the spinal cord. Conditions under which clonidine produces excitatory or depressant behavioral effects are discused.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432427
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Spinal cord and brainstem mediation of excitatory effects on acoustic startle (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 70 (1980), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Startle ; Dimethyltryptamine ; Serotonin ; Cinanserin ; Cyproheptadine ; Propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different doses (0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg body weight) of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) were tested on the acoustic startle reflex in rats. Beginning at 0.12 mg/kg, 5-MeODMT increased startle monotonically up to the highest dose used. 5-MeODMT still increased startle in acutely decerebrate rats or when infused directly onto the spinal cord. The excitatory effects of a high systemic dose of 5-MeODMT were completely blocked by cinanserin, cyproheptadine, and propranolol, but not by parachlorophenylalanine, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, haloperidol, sotalol, or phenoxybenzamine. The results were discussed in terms of a new theory, which suggests that stimulation of serotonin receptors in the spinal cord enhance startle whereas serotonin receptors in the forebrain inhibit startle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435302
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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