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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mitochondriale Zytopathien ; Atmungskettendefekte ; Pyruvatdehydrogenasemangel ; Kofaktorsupplementation ; Therapie ; Key words Mitochondrial cytopathies ; Respiratory chain deficiency ; Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency ; Cofactor supplementation ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diagnostic tools for the studies of mitochondrial disorders of energy metabolism such as biochemical and molecular genetic techniques, have increased our knowledge on the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial cytopathies (MC) and have enabled new insights in the etiology and pathogenesis of these heterogeneous multisystem disorders. In contrast, the therapeutical influence on the usually progressive clinical courses are very limited. A causal therapy has to take into account that biochemical defects are heterogeneous (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate carboxylase, respiratory chain complexes), frequently show tissue-specific and/or time-depending expression and may occur in combination with each other. To this date the following therapeutical principals have been used: (1) decrease of the endogenic generation of toxic intermediates (by dietary measures); (2) increase of residual enzymatic activities (by enzyme cofactors or activators); (3) bridging the enzyme defects (by electron acceptors/donators); and (4) antioxidative and membrane-protective measures. This review presents the mechanisms of agents used so far, and discusses their therapeutical effectiveness according to the data from the literature and our experience with 26 patients suffering from different types of MC. It is shown that patients with pure myopathic manifestations of complex I deficiency as well as cardiomyopathy caused by carnitine depletion exhibit the greatest benefit from cofactor supplementation. The clinical course of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome may be influenced by various therapeutical procedures. In patients with diseases showing a predominantly encephalopathic presentation (like Leigh syndrome), disturbed lactate/pyruvate metabolism tends to normalise under treatment. The therapeutical influence on the clinical course however, is at best limited to temporary improvement or delaying progression. Nevertheless, effects of any particular therapy can not be predicted easily in any individual at any stage of the disease. Thus, therapeutical trials are justified because of the low rate of side effects. Gene therapeutical strategies hopefully will offer more effective treatments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während enorme Fortschritte in der Aufklärung von Ätiologie und Pathogenese mitochondrialer Zytopathien (MC) erzielt wurden, sind die Möglichkeiten, die progredienten Multisystemerkrankungen therapeutisch zu beeinflussen, begrenzt. Eine kausalorientierte Therapie muß berücksichtigen, daß die biochemischen Defekte heterogen sind (Pyruvatdehydrogenase, Pyruvatarboxylase, Atmungskettenkomplexe), gewebespezifische und/oder zeitabhängige Expression zeigen und kombiniert auftreten können. Therapieprinzipien sind 1. Reduktion der endogenen Produktion von toxischen Metaboliten (durch diätetische Maßnahmen), 2. Erhöhung der enzymatischen Restaktivität (durch Kofaktoren bzw. Enzymaktivatoren), 3. Überbrückung von Enzymdefekten (durch Elektronenakzeptoren bzw. -donatoren) und 4. antioxidative und membranoprotektive Maßnahmen. Diese Übersicht stellt die Wirkmechanismen verschiedener Substanzen vor und diskutiert ihre therapeutischen Wirksamkeiten anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Erfahrungen bei 26 Patienten. Patienten mit myopathischen Verlaufsformen von Komplex I-Defekten, Kearns-Sayre- Syndrom und mit auf sekundärem Karnitinmangel beruhenden Kardiomyopathien profitieren am stärksten von Supplementationsmaßnahmen. Bei Patienten mit enzephalopathischen Manifestationsformen (z. B. Leigh-Syndrom) werden zwar häufig Normalisierungstendenzen des gestörten Laktat-Pyruvat-Stoffwechsels beobachtet, doch wird die klinische Symptomatik allenfalls vorübergehend gebessert oder die Progredienz gemildert. Im Einzelfall sind die therapeutischen Effekte nicht vorhersagbar, sodaß angesichts der geringen Nebenwirkungsraten Therapieversuche gerechtfertigt sind. Gentherapeutische Strategien lassen effektivere Behandlungsmaßnahmen erwarten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words     X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy ; Adrenomyeloneuropathy ; Very long-chain fatty acids ; Therapy ; Peroxisomal disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      We have investigated the effect of glyceroltrioleate/glyceroltrierucate (GTO/GTE) therapy on X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy in 16 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (n = 6), adrenomyeloneuropathy (n = 3), Addison disease without neurological involvement (n = 2), and neurologically and endocrinologically asymptomatic patients (n = 5). Therapy was carried out for 19.4 ± 10 months. All patients showed a normalization of C 26:0 plasma fatty acid concentrations. None of the seven neurologically asymptomatic patients developed neurological symptoms. Somatosensory evoked potentials of the tibialis nerve was the most sensitive electrophysiological parameter, showing a slight improvement in neurologically asymptomatic patients during therapy. In none of the patients with normal cranial MRI at start of therapy (n = 6) has MRI deterioration been observed whilst on therapy. Follow up of the neurologically asymptomatic children supports the hypothesis that GTO/GTE therapy might prevent the development of neurological symptoms. Six of the nine neurologically symptomatic patients deteriorated to varying degrees whilst on therapy. MRI alterations have worsened in all patients with clinical deterioration. Conclusion     GTO/GTE treatment should be initiated in all neurological asymptomatic boys before first neurological symptoms develop. To discover these patients very long-chain fatty acid determination should be performed in all family members at risk when adrenoleukodystrophy or adrenomyeloneuropathy is diagnosed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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