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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis under osmotic stress (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 153 (1981), S. 423-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast envelope (permeability) ; Chloroplast stroma enzymes ; Spinacia ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Increasing the sorbitol concentration in a suspension of intact chloroplasts induced a fast, transient and not very specific efflux of metabolites from chloroplasts to the medium. Stroma proteins were retained by the chloroplasts. 2. Within the first 30 s following hypertonic stress, the chloroplast volume decreased according to the Boyle-Mariotte relation. A subsequent and transient increase suggested some influx of external solute. 3. Dark reactions of intact chloroplasts such as starch degradation and formation of labelled 3-phosphoglycerate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate or ribose-5-phosphate and 14CO2 were inhibited at low water potentials. After chloroplast rupture, the activity of stromal enzymes was decreased by high solute concentrations. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase exhibited a decrease of Vmax, while KmCO 2 remained unaltered. With sorbitol, sucrose, glycerol or glycinebetaine, 50% inhibition of enzymes was observed at osmotic potentials between 40 and 50 bar, with ethyleneglycol at about 70 bar. With salts such as KCl, 50% inhibition was found at 15 to 20 bar. 4. A comparison between inhibition of photosynthesis in intact chloroplasts and inhibition of enzymes in stroma extracts by solutes supports the notion that inhibition of photosynthesis at high osmotic potentials is mainly a solute effect. Another factor contributing to inhibition of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts is the loss of intermediates and cofactors which occurs during rapid osmotic dehydration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394980
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts and protoplasts under osmotic stress (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast volume ; Photosynthesis and chloroplast volume ; Spinacia ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Isolated intact spinach chloroplasts respond to changes of the sorbitol concentration of the suspending medium as near-perfect osmometers within a large range of osmotic potentials. Under isotonic conditions (π=9–10 bar), their average osmotic volume is 24 μm3 and the total volume 36 μm3. The osmotic volume can be increased to 63 μm3 by lowering the sorbitol concentration until a critical osmotic potential of π=4 bar is reached. Below that value chloroplasts rupture. Between 10 bar and 4 bar, volume changes are reversible. 2. Increasing the chloroplast volume above 24 μm3 causes inhibition of photosynthesis, with 50% inhibition occurring at an osmotic potential of π=5–6 bar. This corresponds to an osmotic volume of 45–55 μm3. Depending on the duration of hypotonic treatment, inhibition of photosynthesis is more or less reversible. 3. Between 4 and 10 bar, the chloroplast envelope exhibits a very low permeability for ferricyanide, many metabolites, and soluble stroma proteins. 4. Electron transport is not inhibited by swelling of chloroplasts. Also, the ATP/ADP-ratio remains unchanged. 5. The solute concentration in the chloroplasts appears to be optimal for photosynthesis at 10 bar. Increasing the chloroplast volume causes inhibition of photosynthesis by dilution effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393294
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between changes in photosynthetic activity and changes in total protoplast volume in leaf tissue from hygro-, meso- and xerophytes under osmotic stress (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 154 (1982), S. 538-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Leaf slices ; Photosynthesis ; Protoplast volume ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of photosynthesis of leaf slices from various hygro-, meso- and xerophytes were measured in the absence of stomatal control in various stages of osmotic dehydration. The external osmotic potential π° for a 50% inhibition of photosynthesis varied between 20 bar in some hygrophytes up to 50 bar in xerophytes. The response of photosynthetic enzymes to increased salt concentrations in the reaction medium was similar in leaf extracts from hygro-, meso- and xerophytes. The total protoplast volume in vacuum-infiltrated leaf discs from various plants was measured as the difference between 3H2O-labeled space and [14C]sorbitol-labeled space. In all plants, the protoplast volume could be reduced to about 55% of the maximum volume of tissue in equilibrium with water, without decreasing photosynthesis. Reduction of the maximal protoplast volume below 55% decreased photosynthesis in all tissues to the same decreased photosynthesis in all tissues to the same degree. At 20% maximal volume, photosynthesis of all plants was completely inhibited. The differential decrease of protoplast volumes of various leaf tissues in response to changes in π° was mainly due to the different osmotic potential of the cell sap (πcs). The relative contribution of sugars to the overall osmolarity of the cell sap was up to nineteen times higher in xerophytes than in hygrophytes. Short-term recovery of photosynthesis after hypertonic stress was good in xerophytes, incomplete in mesophytes and absent in hygrophytes. There was also a large discrepancy between the partial recovery of protoplast volumes and the complete absence of a recovery of photosynthesis in hygrophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402997
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis under osmotic stress (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 153 (1981), S. 430-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Photosynthesis (stress recovery) ; Protoplast ; Spinacia ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reversibility of the inhibition of photosynthetic reactions by water stress was examined with four systems of increasing complexity—stromal enzymes, intact chloroplasts, mesophyll protoplasts, and leaf slices. The inhibition of soluble chloroplast enzymes by high solute concentrations was instantly relieved when solutes were properly diluted. In contrast, photosynthesis was not restored but actually more inhibited when isolated chloroplasts exposed to hypertonic stress were transferred to conditions optimal for photosynthesis of unstressed chloroplasts. Upon transfer, chloroplast volumes increased beyond the volumes of unstressed chloroplasts, and partial envelope rupture occurred. In protoplasts and leaf slices, considerable and rapid, but incomplete restoration of photosynthesis was observed during transfer from hypertonic to isotonic conditions. Chloroplast envelopes did not rupture in situ during water uptake. It is concluded that inhibition of photosynthesis by severe water stress is at the biochemical level brought about in part by reversible inhibition of chloroplast enzymes and in part by membrane damage which requires repair mechanisms for reversibility. Both soluble enzymes and membranes appear to be affected by the increased concentration of internal solutes, which is caused by dehydration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394981
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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