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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance in men and women (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; fetal growth ; ponderal index at birth ; placental weight to birthweight ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A follow-up study was carried out to determine whether reduced fetal growth is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance in men and women aged 50 years. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 140 men and 126 women born in Preston (Lancashire, UK) between 1935 and 1943, whose size at birth had been measured in detail. Those subjects found to have impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had lower birthweight, a smaller head circumference and were thinner at birth. They also had a higher ratio of placental weight to birthweight. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes fell from 27% in subjects who weighed 2.50 kg (5.5 pounds) or less at birth to 6% in those who weighed more than 3.41 kg (7.5 pounds) (p 〈 0.002 after adjusting for body mass index). Plasma glucose concentrations taken at 2-h in the glucose tolerance test fell progressively as birthweight increased (p 〈 0.004), as did 2-h plasma insulin concentrations (p 〈 0.001). The trends with birthweight were independent of duration of gestation and must therefore be related to reduced rates of fetal growth. These findings confirm the association between impaired glucose tolerance in adult life and low birthweight previously reported in Hertfordshire (UK), and demonstrate it in women as well as men. It is suggested that the association reflects the long-term effects of reduced growth of the endocrine pancreas and other tissues in utero. This may be a consequence of maternal undernutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399954
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal growth and insulin secretion in adult life (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 592-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: NIDDM ; insulin secretion ; fetal growth ; programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies suggest that NIDDM is linked with reduced fetal and infant growth. Observations on malnourished infants and studies of experimental animals exposed to protein energy or protein deficiency in fetal or early neonatal life suggest that the basis of this link could lie in the detrimental effects of poor early nutrition on the development of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. To test this hypothesis we have measured insulin secretion following an IVGTT in a sample of 82 normoglycaemic and 23 glucose intolerant subjects who were born in Preston, England, and whose birthweight and body size had been recorded at birth. The subjects with impaired glucose tolerance had lower first phase insulin secretion than the normoglycaemic subjects (mean plasma insulin concentrations 3 min after intravenous glucose 416 vs 564 pmol/l, p=0.04). Insulin secretion was higher in men than women (601 vs 457 pmol/l, P=0.02) and correlated with fasting insulin level (p=0.04). However, there was no relationship between insulin secretion and the measurements of prenatal growth in either the normoglycaemic or glucose intolerant subjects. These results argue against a major role for defective insulin secretion as a cause of glucose intolerance in adults who were growth retarded in pre-natal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403378
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stem photosynthesis in a desert ephemeral, Eriogonum inflatum (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 542-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Eriogonum inflatum ; Internal CO2 concentration ; Stem photosynthesis ; Water-use efficiency ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gas exchange characteristics of photosynthetic tissues of leaves and stems of Eriogonum inflatum are described. Inflated stems were found to contain extraordinarily high internal CO2 concentrations (to 14000 μbar), but fixation of this internal CO2 was 6–10 times slower than fixation of atmospheric CO2 by these stems. Although the pool of CO2 is a trivial source of CO2 for stem photosynthesis, it may result in higher water-use efficiency of stem tissues. Leaf and stem photosynthetic activities were compared by means of CO2 fixation in CO2 response curves, light and temperature response curves in IRGA systems, and by means of O2 exchange at CO2 saturation in a leaf disc O2 electrode system. On an area basis leaves contain about twice the chlorophyll and nitrogen as stems, and are capable of up to 4-times the absolute CO2 and O2 exchange rates. However, the stem shape is such that lighting of the shaded side leads to a substantial increase in overall stem photosynthesis on a projected area basis, to about half the leaf rate in air. Stem conductance is lower than leaf conductance under most conditions and is less sensitive to high temperature or high VPD. Under most conditions, the ratio C i /C a is lower in stems than in leaves and stems show greater water-use efficiency (higher ratio assimilation/transpiration) as a function of VPD. This potential advantage of stem photosynthesis in a water limited environment may be offset by the higher VPD conditions in the hotter, drier part of the year when stems are active after leaves have senesced. Stem and leaf photosynthesis were similarly affected by decreasing plant water potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378980
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stem photosynthesis in a desert ephemeral, Eriogonum inflatum (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: δ13C ; Eriogonum inflatum ; Great Basin ; Mojave ; Photosynthetic morphology ; Stem photosynthesis ; Water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seasonal patterns in plant morphology, phenology, and physiology were monitored in several populations of Eriogonum inflatum, a desert ephemeral which produces a large photosynthetic inflorescence above a basal leaf rosette. Green stems accounted for 66–77% of whole plant photosynthetic surface area when integrated over a developmental cycle, whereas only 40–67% of the yearly transpirational water loss could be attributed to stems. Stems were found to have lower nitrogen and chlorophyll contents than leaves, and lower stomatal conductance under all physiological conditions encountered. However, because stems occur later in the year than leaves, comparison of physiological patterns was complicated by the two structures being exposed to different climatic regimes during their developmental cycles. Stems exhibited higher δ13C values than leaves, indicating that stems operated at higher water-use efficiencies than leaves, at least during periods when both leaves and stems were present. Higher water-use efficiency in stems of E. inflatum is attributed to both more conservative water use patterns and to their vertical orientation, allowing stems to remain photosynthetically active longer into the dry season after senescence of the horizontal leaf rosette.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378979
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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