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  • Flowing solution culture  (3)
  • aluminium  (3)
  • Soil acidity  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors affecting aluminium sorption by calcium pectate (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; calcium ; calcium pectate ; polygalacturonic acid ; solution pH
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Extracellular processes, particularly the adsorption of aluminium (Al) by pectate in the cell wall, have been proposed as important in the expression of Al toxicity to plant roots. In vitro studies were conducted on the effects of Al concentration (generally ≤ 32 μM), calcium (Ca) concentration (0.05 to 10 mM) and pH (3.2 to 5.4) on Al sorption by Ca pectate. There was a rapid reaction between Al and Ca pectate, there being no difference in Al remaining in solution after reaction times of 1 to 16 min, and only a slight decrease after 24 h. Increased Al concentration in solution increased linearly the sorption of Al by Ca pectate, with 70 to 84% of the Al originally in solution sorbed with ≤32 μM Al. In contrast, Al sorption decreased with increased Ca concentration in solution, and as pH decreased from 5.4 to 3.2. Only ≤30% of the sorbed Al was desorbed after 1 h by 1 mM CaCl2, 10 mM CaCl2 or 1 mM HCl. The amount of Al desorbed increased with a desorption period of 5 h, particularly with 1 mM HCl. These studies suggest that Al sorbed by Ca pectate in root cell walls is in equilibrium with Al in solution, and that Al toxicity is associated with the strong binding between Al and Ca pectate external to the cytoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010765
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromatographic techniques for the separation of Al and associated organic ligands present in soil solution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; chromatography ; dissolved organic carbon ; organic acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Organic acids including humic, fulvic, aliphatic and aromatic acids comprise part of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in soil solution. They act as ligands for trace metals and are effective detoxifiers of monomeric aluminium (Al). Solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques permit fractionation of the DOC into organic classes but yield no information on the pre-existing Al/organic acid complexes. Aliphatic and aromatic acids may be separated and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); however, the conditions used dissociate the organic acid Al complexes. Humic and fulvic acids are of a variable and ill-defined nature and only limited information exists regarding their binding of Al. This paper reports on fractionation studies of soil solutions, using both SPE and molecular weight cut-off filters, to characterise the DOC components and on the subsequent development of a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system for the separation of organically complexed Al into different species using a low ionic strength mobile phase at pH 4.2. Model complexes of Al and Cu citrate were used to evaluate chromatographic performance of a Fractogel TSK HW-40(S) column (1×30 cm). For soil solution samples, the column eluate, after passing through a UV detector, was directly coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICPAES) for on-line multi-element detection to characterise DOC and trace metal distribution. Fractionation studies revealed that polysaccharides constituted the major proportion of the DOC which passed the 10000 dalton molecular weight cut-off filter. Analysis of soil solutions from an organically amended soil by the SEC-ICPAES system showed that Al, Fe and Mn eluted as multiple peaks prior to the bed volume, indicating their presence as complexes with organic ligands.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009560
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming in an ultisol (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylen reduction assay ; Aluminium toxicity ; Chemical composition ; Cowpea ; Cultivar tolerance to soil acidity ; Liming ; Nitrogen deficiency ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nodulation ; Relative dry matter yields ; Soil acidity ; Ultisol ; Lime-induced yield depression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming was assessed in a greenhouse trial using an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) from southeastern Nigeria. Lime rates from 0 to 5.0 t/ha were applied to give a range of soil pH, determined in 1∶1 soil/water from 4.25 to about 7.0. Without liming, relative dry matter yields of tops ranged between 46.6 and 76.8 percent. Significant yield responses to the first lime increment (0.5 t/ha) were observed particularly in the less tolerant cultivars and maximum yields were generally obtained with application of 1.6 to 2.5 t/ha lime. Among the six cultivars, TVu 4557 and Ife Brown were most tolerant, Vita-1 and Vita-3 were moderately tolerant, and TVu 1977-OD and TVu 4552 were least tolerant to soil acidity. The latter two cultivars were the most poorly nodulated when grown in the unlimed soil. The first lime increment enabled excellent nodulation to be achieved in all cultivars. Nitrogen analyses on tops confirmed the visual symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in two cultivars (Vita-1, TVu 1977-OD) grown in the unlimed soil. Analysis of data on chemical composition of plant tops and chemical soil characteristics gave indications that aluminium toxicity is the major growth limiting factor for cowpeas in this soil. This study, albeit with a limited range of cowpea germplasm clearly indicates that cowpea possesses considerable potential as a grain legume on strongly acid soils (pH〈5.0), even in circumstances where lime is not available. Low rates of lime (0.5 t/ha or less) will greatly expand the available choice of cultivars.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183592
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative 27Al NMR spectroscopic studies of Al (III) complexes with organic acid ligands and their comparison with GEOCHEM predicted values (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; equilibrium calculations ; GEOCHEM ; NMR
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The toxic inorganic monomeric forms of aluminium (Al) that limit plant growth have been shown to be effectively detoxified by complexation with organic acid ligands released by breakdown of added organic materials. The binding capacity of these acids is dependent on the degree of dissociation of their carboxyl groups and their ability to form bonds with Al. 27Al NMR spectroscopy provides a non-invasive technique to study the bonding of Al with potential ligands without disturbing the equilibrium of the system. In single ligand systems containing oxalic acid, three 27Al resonance peaks were observed at 6.4, 11.4 and 16.0 ppm downfield from the Al3+ reference peak at 0 ppm. These were assigned to Alox, Alox2 and Alox3 complexes respectively and were observable at pH values down to 3.5. In the presence of the citrate ligand, two 27Al resonance peaks at 6.1 and 11.3 ppm, assigned respectively to the Alcit and Alcit2 complexes, were observed at pH 3.4. At pH 4.3 and an Al:citrate molar ratio of 1:2, the 6.1 ppm peak was not visible, and the second peak further downfield was split into two unresolved peaks at 10.8 and 12.4 ppm indicating the presence of two forms of the Alcit2 complex. Distribution of Al between the various species, based on integration of the resonance peaks and equilibrium calculations carried out using GEOCHEM, is discussed in light of the stability constants present in the database of GEOCHEM version (v.) 1.23 and GEOCHEM-PC v. 2.0. Large discrepancies between the computed values and the NMR measured values indicate the need to incorporate more recent literature values in the database for realistic equilibrium calculations in systems containing organic acid ligands. The potential of using quantitative 27Al NMR measurements to calculate stability constants is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009561
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrogen and aluminium tolerance (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminium ; Hydrogen ; Soil acidity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Reduced productivity due to soil acidity has been demonstrated with subterranean clover and wheat in many parts of Australia. Nodulation in clover appears to be more sensitive to low pH than growth of the host plant in the presence of adequate mineral nitrogen. Low pH is associated with aluminium toxicity in a number of species and nodulation in clover is more sensitive than growth of the host plant to Al. Decrease in soil pH is associated with significant increases in exchangeable Al. The breeding of Al tolerant wheats in Australia involves a backcross programme utilizing the transfer of tolerance from the Brazilian cultivar Carazinho.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370151
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181830
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of the flowing soulution culture techniques to studies involving mycorrhizas (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Cassava ; Flowing solution culture ; Mycorrhiza ; Phosphorus nutrition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A technique to study mycorrhizal effects on growth and P-uptake of cassava (Manihot escultenta, Crantz) grown in flowing solution culture is described. Phosphorus concentrations were carefully maintained constant at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM by daily analyses and adjustment of the nutrient solutions. Inoculation with mycorrhizal roots hada positiveeffect on P content of plant tissue and/or plant growth only at the two lowest P-concentrations in soulution. These concentrations are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those normally used in conventional nutrient solution cultures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183607
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of plants to calcium concentration in flowing solution culture with chloride or sulphate as the counter-ion (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 377-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium deficiency symptoms ; Calcium concentration in tops ; Chloride toxicity ; Flowing solution culture ; Sulphate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Solution calcium concentrations required for the growth of a range of plant species, including both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, were determined in two experiments in which plants were grown in flowing solution culture at constantly maintained calcium concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3000 μM. Calcium chloride was used as the calcium source in the first experiment, calcium sulphate was used in the second. At calcium concentrations of 10 μM and below, all species developed calcium deficiency symptoms. The severity of the deficiency was more pronounced in the dicotyledons than in the monocotyledons. However, cassava was much more tolerant than all other dicotyledons and equally as tolerant as rice, the most tolerant monocotyledon. Solution calcium concentrations required for 90% of maximum yield were generally lower for monocotyledons (3 to 20 μM) than for dicotyledons (7 to 720μM) when calcium chloride was used as the calcium source. When calcium sulphate was used, 7 out of 11 species, including 3 monocotyledons, required external calcium concentrations of 1200 μM and above. The results are discussed in relation to effects of solution composition and the choice of counter-ions on plant response to calcium and other macronutrient cations. It is concluded that yield depressions due to toxicity of excesses of chloride, and possibly other counter-ions, can lead to serious underestimation of limiting external cation concentrations for plant growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02378359
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