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Weather, microclimate, and energy costs of thermoregulation for breeding Adélie Penguins (1990)

Chappell, M. A. ; Morgan, K. R. ; Bucher, T. L.

Springer

Oecologia 83 (1990), S. 420-426

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Adélie Penguin ; energetics ; Microclimate ; Reproduction ; Thermoregulation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary We measured meteorological conditions and estimated the energy costs of thermoregulation for young and adult Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at a breeding colony near the Antarctic Peninsula. Air temperatures averaged 〈 5°C and strong winds were frequent. Operative temperatures (Te) for adults ranged from −8 to 28°C, averaging 5–6°C, for the period from courtship to fledging of chicks. The average energy cost of thermoregulation (Cth) for adult penguins was equivalent to 10–16% of basal metabolism. Cth comprised about 15% of the estimated daily energy budget (DEB) of incubating adults, but only about 1% of the DEB of adults feeding chicks. The Te's for chicks older than 14 days ranged from 0 to 31°C, averaging 8.0 C. The Cth for downy chicks ranged from about 31% of minimal metabolic rate (MMR) in 1 kg chicks to about 10% of MMR in 3 kg chicks. Between initial thermal independence (age 12–14 days) and the cessation of parental feeding (age 35–40 days), chicks use about 10–11% of assimilated energy for thermoregulation. Cth is equivalent to about 17% of the MMR of fledglings during their 2–3 week fast. We observed no indication of thermal stress (i.e., conditions in which birds cannot maintain stable Tb) in adults and no indication of cold stress in any age class. However, on clear, calm days when air temperature exceeds 7–10°C for several hours, downy chicks are vulnerable to lethal hyperthermia.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317570

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TVD algorithms for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on unstructured meshes (1994)

Lyra, P. R. M. ; Morgan, K. ; Peraire, J. ; [et al.]

Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 19 (1994), S. 827-847

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ISSN: 0271-2091

Keywords: TVD ; Unstructured mesh algorithms ; Euler equations ; Hypersonic flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: The Galerkin finite element method is used as the basis for the construction of schemes for the solution of the two-dimensional compressible Euler equations on unstructured triangular grids. The use of a side-based data structure readily allows for the construction of a local (structured) stencil and the incorporation of a high-resolution shock-capturing method formulated within the TVD concept. The essential features of the finite element side-based scheme and the ID TVD approach are described and their numerical implementation is discussed. The choice of limiters and the support for their computation are analysed and the solutions of some inviscid flows, obtained by advancing explicitly in time, are presented.

Additional Material: 18 Ill.