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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early dry season subsistence ecology of Cuiva (Hiwi) foragers of Venezuela (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 163-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; time allocation ; the sexual division of labor ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The subsistence ecology of Venezuelan Cuiva foragers during the early dry season is described. Data on diet, time allocation, demography, and physical measurements are presented. Analyses show that the Cuiva depend primarily on game and wild roots during the early dry season for their subsistence. Sex differentials in productive efficiency, total contribution to the diet, and time allocation to food acquisition and other activities are also examined. As in most other foraging societies, men specialize in hunting while women specialize in gathering. During the early dry season, men provide more calories than women and are the more efficient food producers. However, men spend slightly less time than women in food acquisition. Demographic data show that child mortality rates, female infertility rates, female infanticide rates,and the sex ratio among juveniles are high in the Cuiva population. Comparisons between the patterns found among the Cuiva and other foraging populations are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888379
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food Transfers Among Hiwi Foragers of Venezuela: Tests of Reciprocity (2000)
    Springer
    Human ecology 28 (2000), S. 171-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: food sharing ; hunter-gatherers ; reciprocal altruism ; evolutionary ecology ; bargaining theory ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Although food sharing has been observed in many traditional societies, we still do not have a deep understanding of how various ecological conditions produce variation in who gives and who receives specific resources. To understand better the behavioral ecology of food sharing, we present data collected with the Hiwi of Venezuela and focus on two questions: (a) How do characteristics of food resources and acquirers determine how much is transfered to others? (b) How do characteristics of nuclear families A and B influence how much is transferred between A and B? We use path modeling in an attempt to tease apart the relative contribution of biological kinship, geographical proximity between households, family size, and quantities family B gave to family A on the expected quantities that family A gives to family B. Reciprocal altruism is shown to be an important link in the chain of factors, but not in the tit-for-tat form common in theoretical treatments of reciprocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007067919982
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female subsistence strategies among Ache hunter-gatherers of Eastern Paraguay (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: women ; hunter-gatherers ; sexual division of labor ; childcare ; subsistence work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Anthropologists have frequently proposed that sexual division of labor is produced by childcare constraints on women's subsistence work. We present data on the forest activities of Ache women that show that differences in parental investment partially account for variation in food acquisition among individual women. Data also suggest that childcare constraints are important in understanding the sexual division of labor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531086
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Men's time allocation to subsistence work among the Ache of Eastern Paraguay (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; subsistence ; time allocation ; men
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data on men's time allocation among the Ache of Paraguay are presented. The data indicate that Ache men work almost 7 hours daily in direct food acquisition, which is the major daily activity. The amount of time Ache men work is compared with the amount reported for other modern hunter-gatherers and tribal horticulturalists. The characterization of hunter-gatherers as the “original affluent society” does not agree with currently available data. The results show high variance across societies, both hunting and horticultural, and suggest that time spent in subsistence work is not simply a function of food “needs.” We propose that the value of time spent in potential alternative activities must be considered in order to predict time spent in subsistence tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531087
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macronutrient modifications of optimal foraging theory: An approach using indifference curves applied to some modern foragers (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 157-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: nutrients ; foraging theory ; hunter-gatherers ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The use of energy (calories) as the currency to be maximized per unit time in Optimal Foraging Models is considered in light of data on several foraging groups. Observations on the Ache, Cuiva, and Yora foragers suggest men do notattempt to maximize energetic return rates, but instead often concentrate on acquiring meat resources which provide lower energetic returns. The possibility that this preference is due to the macronutrient composition of hunted and gathered foods is explored. Indifference curves are introduced as a means of modeling the tradeoff between two desirable commodities, meat (protein-lipid) and carbohydrate, and a specific indifference curve is derived using observed choices in five foraging situatiuons. This curve is used to predict the amount o meat that Mbuti foragers will trade for carbohydrate, in an attempt to test the utility of the approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888091
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers in Eastern Paraguay (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 101-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; subsistence ; seasonality ; energy budget
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers is examined. Fluctuation in the number of calories of honey consumed daily contributed most to the differences in total calories consumed daily during different seasons of the year. Meat, the most important resource in the diet, provided the greatest number of calories daily, and varied little across seasons. The vegetable component of the diet is characterized by low variance in absolute numbers of calories, but high variance in species composition. The mean number of calories consumed daily per capita is high (3827 calories) compared to that reported for other hunter-gathers. Differences in energy expenditure and consumption among modern hunter-gatherers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531269
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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