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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve biopsy ; HIV infection ; Ultrastructure ; in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peripheral nerve biopsy was performed in 15 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and polyneuropathy. Two cases [1 asymptomatic, 1 AIDS-related complex (ARC)] presented with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; there was 1 case (asymptomatic) of mononeuropathy multiplex and 12 cases (1 asymptomatic, 1 ARC, 10 AIDS) with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Epi- or endoneurial microvasculitis was observed in 6 cases. Electron microscopy showed that nerve fiber lesions were mainly axonal. Severe segmental demyelination was also present in both cases of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, with characteristic features of active demyelination in one. Numerous plasmacytoid cells were found in the endoneurium in 4 patients. Tubuloreticular inclusions were present in endothelial cells in the 10 cases with AIDS but absent in the other patients. Direct immunopathological examination with anti-immunoglobulin sera was negative in all cases. HIV was evidenced by in situ hybridization in 2 AIDS patients; no Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus was detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: GDNF ; in situ hybridization ; cell death ; Parkinson's disease ; adult ; newborn infant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. Since dopaminergic neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease, this factor is a potential therapeutical tool that may save dopaminergic neurons during the pathological process. Moreover, a reduced GDNF expression may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we tested whether altered GDNF production may participate in the mechanism of cell death in this disease. GDNF gene expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization using riboprobes corresponding to a sequence of the exon 2 human GDNF gene. Experiments were performed on tissue sections of the mesencephalon and the striatum from 8 patients with Parkinson's disease and 6 control subjects matched for age at death and for post mortem delay. No labelling was observed in either group of patients. This absence of detectable expression could not be attributed to methodological problems as a positive staining was observed using the same probes for sections of astroglioma biopsies from human adults and for sections of a newborn infant brain obtained at post-mortem. These data suggest that GDNF is probably expressed at a very low level in the adult human brain and its involvement in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease remains to be demonstrated. GDNF may represent a powerful new therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease, however.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endorphins ; ACTH ; MSH ; LPH ; Peptidergic neurons ; Hypothalamus (rat) ; Immunocytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les cerveaux de rats ayant reçu une injection intra-ventriculaire de colchicine, une même population de neurones du noyau arqué et du noyau ventro-médian est indifféremment immunoréactive à divers I.S. dirigés contre les endorphines (α et β), l'ACTH(1-24), l'ACTH(17-39), les MSH (α et β) et la β-LPH, comme le démontrent des études comparatives sur coupes sériées. Ces neurones sont intensément marqués par l'anti-ACTH(17-39), l'anti-β-endorphine, l'anti-α-MSH et l'anti-β-MSH et plus faiblement immunoréactifs à l'anti-α-endorphine, l'anti-β-LPH et l'anti-ACTH(1-24). Exceptionnellement, certains neurones immunoréactifs avec l'anti-ACTH(17-39) et l'anti-β-endorphine sont faiblement ou non reconnus par l'anti-α-MSH et l'anti-β-MSH. Les fibres immunoréactives se terminent dans l'éminence médiane latérale et dans le noyau arqué lui-même, ou forment des voies ascendantes le long du III∘ Ventricule. Des études comparatives avec d'autres I.S. ou avec la technique de Falck et Hillarp, montrent que ces neurones sont différents de ceux producteurs de LH-RH, de somatostatine, de neurophysine, d'ocytocine, de vasopressine et de dopamine. Ces résultats suggèrent que certains neurones de l'hypothalamus du rat synthétisent plusieurs neuropeptides identiques aux ou immunologiquement très voisins des peptides du groupe endorphine, ACTH, α-MSH et β-LPH, vraisemblablement à partir d'un précurseur commun similaire à celui des cellules corticotropes adénohypophysaires. Ces neuropeptides ayant une origine cellulaire et moléculaire commune pourraient être impliqués comme neurotransmetteurs ou neuromodulateurs dans le fonctionnement du système nerveux central. This work was supported by grants from the D.G.R.S.T. (contract n∘ 78.7.2749) and from the I.N.S.E.R.M. (contract n∘ 81.79.113)
    Notes: Summary In rat brains intraventricularly injected with colchicine, the same discrete neurons of the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei can be stained with antisera against α- and β-endorphins, (1-24)ACTH, (17-39)ACTH, α- and β-MSH, and β-LPH, as demonstrated by comparative studies in consecutive serial sections. These neurons are strongly reactive with anti-(17-39)ACTH, anti-β-endorphin, anti-α-MSH and anti-β-MSH, and more faintly stained with anti-α-endorphin, anti-β-LPH and anti-(1-24)ACTH. Exceptionally, neurons reactive with anti-(17-39)ACTH and anti-β-endorphin are poorly stained or completely negative with anti-α-MSH and anti-β-MSH. Immunoreactive fibers end in the lateral median eminence and in the arcuate nucleus proper, or form ascending pathways along the third ventricle. Comparative studies with other antisera or with the Falck and Hillarp technique show that these neurons differ from the elements producing LH-RH, somatostatin, neurophysin, oxytocin, vasopressin and dopamine. These results suggest that the same neurons of the rat hypothalamus synthesize several neuropeptides identical with or immunologically related to endorphins, ACTH, α-MSH and β-LPH, probably arising from a common precursor molecule similar to that found in the corticotropic cells of the pituitary. These neuropeptides of a common cellular and molecular origin might be involved in basic processes of the central nervous system as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: chemical neuroanatomy ; in situ hybridization ; oligonucleotide probes ; neuropeptide gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The use of radioactive and biotinylated oligonucleotide probes has been optimized to detect and analyze byin situ hybridization, neurons expressing neuropeptide genes (vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin). 2. In situ hybridization was performed on cryostat-cut sections obtained from tissues perfused with 1% formaldehyde. Radioactive probes were labeled by tailing with35S-dATP and revealed with autoradiography. Biotinylated probes were obtained either by the incorporation of 11-biotin dUTP or by the addition of biotinylated nucleotides to the oligonucleotide during its synthesis. Biotin was revealed with streptavidin alkaline phosphatase and the appropriate substrate. 3. In the adult rat brain, radioactive and biotinylated probes revealed peptidergic neurons. The biotinylated probes provided an optimal cellular and subcellular resolution with a sensitivity similar to that observed with radioactive probes. Staining was selectively restricted to the cytoplasm and to the proximal part of processes. 4. Biotinylated vasopressin probes with 10 biotins added demonstrated magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the bed nucleus stria terminalis. 5. Vasopressin gene expression was studied during ontogeny in the rat fetus and neonate. Vasopressin mRNA was first detectable at gestational day 16 in the supraoptic nucleus in neurons of neuroblastic appearance. An aspect similar to the one present in adult was found at gestational day 19 in magnocellular neurons and at day 3 postnatal in parvocellular neurons. 6. The results confirm that radioactive oligonucleotide probes are efficient tools to investigate neuropeptide gene expression byin situ hybridization and demonstrate that biotinylated oligonucleotides are very efficient and provide a much higher resolution than radioactive probes with a reasonable sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endorphins ; ACTH ; MSH ; LPH ; Infundibular neurons ; Human hypothalamus ; Immunocytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez l'homme, une population de neurones du noyau infundibulaire renferme des composés révélables par des I.S. dirigés contre les endorphines (α et β), l'ACTH, les MSH (α et β), et la β-LPH. Chez le foetus, ces neurones révélés par des I.S. anti-β-endorphine et anti-ACTH(17–39) sont identifiables dès la 11ème semaine. Ils renferment des grains de sécrétion immunoréactifs à l'anti-β-endorphine visibles en microscopie électronique. Chez l'adulte, de tels neurones sont situés dans le noyau infundibulaire. Leurs fibres se terminent autour des vaisseaux dans la zone de Green et la tige infundibulaire, ou au contact de péricaryons non immunoréactifs dans le noyau infundibulaire. Ces neurones sont indifféremment révélés par des I.S. anti-ACTH(17–39) ou anti-β-endorphine. Parmi cette population, les plus immunoréactifs sont marqués par des I.S. anti-α-MSH ou anti-β-MSH, anti-β-LPH, anti-α-endorphine ou anti-ACTH (1–24). Ces résultats suggèrent que des substances identiques ou apparentées aux endorphines, à la LPH, à l'ACTH et aux MSH sont élaborées par ces neurones probablement à partir d'une molécule mère similaire à la pro-opiocortine. Les fibres immunoréactives se terminant au contact des capillaires de l'éminence médiane pourraient intervenir dans le contrôle neuro-humoral de l'adénohypophyse, ou dans la modulation d'autres terminaisons peptidergiques ou aminergiques. Les fibres au contact de péricaryons non immunoréactifs peuvent correspondre à des relations avec d'autres neurones infundibulaires, peut-être dopaminergiques. This work was supported by grants from the D.G.R.S.T. (contract n∘ 78.7.2749, Director Prof. C. Bugnon)
    Notes: Summary In man, discrete neurons of the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus contain compounds that can be stained with anti-endorphin (α and β), anti-ACTH, anti-MSH (α and β) and anti-β-LPH immune sera (I.S.) In the fetus, certain neurons stain with anti-β-endorphin or anti (17–39)ACTH starting from the 11th week of fetal life. At the ultrastructural level, these neurons contain elementary granules that are immunoreactive with anti-βendorphin. In the adult, neurons immunoreactive with anti-β-endorphin are found in the infundibular nucleus. Their axonal fibers terminate around blood vessels in the neurovascular zone and in the pituitary stalk, or establish contacts with nonimmunoreactive perikarya of the infundibular nucleus. These neurons can be stained with anti(17–39)ACTH and anti-β-endorphin I.S. The most reactive are also stained moderately with anti-α-MSH, anti-β-MSH, anti-β-LPH, anti-α-endorphin, or anti(1–24)ACTH I.S. These results indicate that, in man, compound(s) identical with or immunologically related to endorphins, β-LPH, ACTH and MSH are secreted by certain hypothalamic neurons. These agents probably originate from a common precursor molecule similar to the so-called pro-opiocortin. Immunoreactive fibers terminating around capillaries of the median eminence constitute a tubero-infundibular system that may be involved in the neurohumoral control of the adenohypophysis or in the regulation of other peptidergic or monoaminergic endings. Fibers also terminate close to nonimmunoreactive perikarya that might possibly be dopaminergic.
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