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  • host-finding  (4)
  • oviposition  (4)
  • Epiphyas postvittana  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Mayetiola destructor ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition ; host specificity ; wheat ; oats ; insect-plant interactions ; thresholds ; deprivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les réactions de femelles préalablement accouplées de Mouches de Hesse ont été examinées en analysant le comportement de femelles isolées sur blé et sur avoine. Le répertoire comportemental de ces femelles comprenait: le vol, l'atterrissage sur feuille, la flexion du corps de sorte que l'extrémité de l'abdomen touchât la surface de la feuille, l'antennation, les mouvements de l'extrémité de l'abdomen sur la feuille à angle droit des nervures, le repos avec la tarière droite et encore dévaginée, le repos avec la tarière télescopée à l'intérieur du corps. Sur blé plus que sur avoine, les femelles après atterrissage ont présenté une fréquence plus élevée de passage de la flexion à l'antennation que de la flexion à l'abdomen droit. Durant les 5 premières minutes d'observation, les individus libérés dans des enceintes avec blé fléchirent et ‘antennèrent’ 2 à 3 fois plus que ceux libérés sur avoine. Les durées des différentes séquences différaient aussi: sur blé, pendant les 5 premières minutes, les femelles passèrent plus de 50% du temps à fléchir, tandis que sur avoine elles passèrent plus de 50% du temps en repos. Les femelles restèrent aussi plus longtemps sur les feuilles de blé et y pondirent 4 fois plus d'oeufs que sur avoine. Les femelles de M. destructor ont montré une plasticité du seuil d'acceptation. Pendant les premières heures de ponte, elles ont été très sélectives et refusèrent, ou ne pondirent que quelques oeufs sur avoine, mais acceptèrent volontiers le blé. La discrimination s'est poursuivie tant que les femelles ont eu accès au blé en même temps qu'à l'avoine. Cependant, quand les femelles ont été privées de blé pendant plusieures heures, l'acceptation de l'avoine a augmenté. Cet accroissement de l'acceptation a eu lieu à peu près au moment où les femelles sur blé pondaient leurs derniers oeufs.
    Notizen: Abstract Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2–3 times more frequently than females released into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, females in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1–3 h vs. 3–7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Epiphyas postvittana ; orientation ; movement ; colour ; stemmata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract When neonate larvae of a leafroller moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were released into the middle of a circular arena with blue paper on one side of the arena and apple foliage on the other side, more larvae walked towards the apple foliage. These oriented responses were enhanced, in terms of the number of larvae responding, by increasing the amount of light reflected from or transmitted through apple foliage. Larvae also responded to painted targets, and specifically to targets reflecting light in the region of 470–570 nm (green-yellow region to the human eye). When the amount of 470–570 nm reflected from targets was reduced, numbers of larvae responding to targets decreased. The addition of 400–500 nm reflected light to 470–570 nm reflected light also resulted in a reduction of oriented responses to targets. Tests using neutral colours (white, black, and a series of greys) indicated that, in the absence of targets reflecting primarily in the 470–570 nm region, larvae oriented towards targets with low levels of reflectance. When the orientation of walking larvae was measured at various distances from targets of different colours or diameters, targets subtending 5–8 degrees elicited responses from 50% of all larvae. Behaviour other than walking was also influenced by visual stimuli: fewer larvae spun down on a silken thread when blue paper was placed beneath a walking platform than when brown or green papers were present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 773-792 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Delia antiqua ; Anthomyiidae ; Diptera ; herbivore ; egg-laying ; host-finding ; sensory systems ; chemoreception ; n-dipropyl disulfide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Behavioral responses of female onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen), to hostplant cues were quantified during encounters of individual flies with onion plants and onion foliar surrogates. The behavioral repertoire of such females included sitting, grooming, running up and down foliar surfaces, extension of the proboscis such that the labellum contacted foliar and soil surfaces, movements of the tip of the abdomen over surfaces (surface probing), subsurface probing of soil crevices with the ovipositor, and oviposition. Sequences of behaviors preceding oviposition were probabilistic rather than highly stereotyped but generally followed the order given above. Foliar surrogates were used to determine the effects of n-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) on the sequence of behaviors leading up to oviposition. The addition of a Pr2S2-treated surrogate to a cage increased the frequency of alighting on that surrogate but also increased alighting on a nearby foliar surrogate without Pr2S2. After alighting, females encountering surrogates treated with Pr2S2 had shorter latencies to proboscis extension and surface probing, spent less time sitting and grooming, and had runs of shorter duration. These females were also more likely to make the transition from probing of surfaces of foliage and soil to subsurface probing of soil crevices and oviposition. Thus, rather than mediating a particular step in the behavioral sequence, Pr2S2 played a role throughout the sequence leading up to oviposition. Collectively, these data and past studies on the onion fly support the hypothesis that egglaying is triggered by a temporal summation of inputs to the central nervous system from various sensory modalities rather than strict behavioral chaining, with each transition effected by some unique cue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 707-726 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; color vision ; spatial vision ; orientation ; host-finding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The visual behavior of adult Melanoplus sanguinipesF. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) was investigated by placing individuals in the center of an arena and recording their orientation responses to visual targets at the perimeter of the arena. Targets that reflected more 540- to 570-nm light were approached more frequently; however, when reflectance in the 540 -to 570-nm region was combined with reflectance in the 400- to 520-nm region, orientation responses were reduced significantly. This suggests that spectral discrimination in M. sanguinipesinvolves at least two classes of photoreceptors, which respond to different regions of the wavelength spectrum. In addition, grasshoppers oriented to vertical, but not horizontal, contrasting stripes. However, when vertical stripes were added to targets reflecting 520- to 650-nm light, responses to verticals on these targets were not enhanced relative to verticals presented against a target background of 400- to 520-nm + 520- to 650-nm light. Thus, spectral discrimination and vertical stripe fixation appear to be two distinct visual behaviors, controlled by outputs from two classes of photoreceptors and a single class of photoreceptors, respectively, and may be used in different physiological or ecological contexts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Dalbulus ; leafhoppers ; host-finding ; maize models ; color ; flight behavior ; habitat stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons examiné l'importance de la couleur dans la découverte de l'hôte, en comparant au laboratoire les réactions avant et après contacts avec des plants de maïs,-à 4 feuilles-, et avec des leurres peints présentant des différences de nuance ou de quantité de lumière réfléchie, chez 3 espèces de Dalbulus: D. maidis,-spécialiste du maïs-, D. gelbus,-qui consomme le maïs et Tripsacum, et D. quinquenotatus,-spécialiste de Tripsacum. Les espèces entrent en contact avec le maïs plus en voltigeant que par la marche, mâles et femelles séjournant plusieurs heures après être entrés en contact. En utilisant des leurres végétaux,-des morceaux de bois verticaux peints de différentes couleurs-, une forte réponse au jaune, due à la teinte plus qu'à l'intensité, a été mise en évidence. Il n'y a pas de différence dans les contacts après voltige ou après marche avec des leurres jaunes pour D. maidis et D. gelbus, tandis que chez D. quinquenotatus, ils sont plus fréquents après voltige. Ces 3 espèces de Dalbulus continuent à être influencées par la couleur après contact, puisque chaque espèce reste plus longtemps sur le jaune que sur les autres couleurs. L'importance de la stimulation par la couleur dans la découverte des hôtes par Dalbulus est semble-t-il due au comportement de vol et à la stabilité de l'habitat dans la nature.
    Notizen: Abstract The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott), D. gelbus DeLong, and D. quinquenotatus DeLong & Nault (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was determined by comparing pre- and post-contact responses of leafhoppers to maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) with those to vertical models varying in hue or value (total amount of reflected light). For each species, more contacts were made with maize by jumping/flying than by walking, and both sexes remained on maize for similar times after contact. When presented simultaneously with seven models (vertical wooden rods) painted in different colors, each species made more contacts with yellow. Yellow also received more contacts when it was present in a group of four colors. There were no differences in contacts made with the yellow model by jumping/flying or by walking for D. maidis and D. gelbus, but D. quinquenotatus made more contacts by jumping/flying than by walking. If yellow was not present in the group, the color reflecting maximally between 500–580 nm received more contacts compared to the other three colors. Responses to a series of neutrals indicated contacts were elicited primarily because of hue, and not changes in value. Yellow also elicited tenure as long or significantly longer than other colors after contact with a model. For each species, there were no differences in tenure between males and females on models. The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus leafhoppers is suggested to be influenced by differences in flight behavior and habitat stability of field hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1717-1738 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Walking ; dispersal ; epicuticular waxes ; volatiles ; host-finding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract When introduced into a wind tunnel with low windspeeds (0.2–0.3 m/sec), neonate E. postvittana larvae were more likely to walk in a downwind rather than upwind direction. This tendency to walk downwind did not change when odors from apple leaves or fruit were introduced into the wind tunnel. In a second assay that measured travel times of larvae as they walked from the center to the edge of filter paper disks, larvae moved more slowly on disks treated with extracts of apple leaves or extracts of apple fruit, but did not slow their movement on disks treated with extracts of a nonhost, Coprosma repens. Analysis of videorecords revealed that larvae on disks treated with a dichloromethane extract of apple leaves took more circuitous routes, walked more slowly, and stopped more frequently than larvae walking on solvent-treated disks. When the dosage of this dichloromethane apple leaf extract was increased or when larvae were held without food prior to testing, differences between travel times on solvent- and extract-treated disks did not increase significantly. The dichloromethane apple leaf extract, when tested in the wind tunnel with low windspeeds, also caused larvae to delay spinning down on a silken thread after reaching the edge of the disk, but had no effect on spin-down times when tested in still-air conditions. Testing of rotary evaporated apple leaf extracts and fractionation of these extracts indicated that a number of both volatile and relatively involatile chemicals contribute to the behavioral responses of E. postvittana larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2335-2354 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Mayetiola destructor ; Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; grasses ; Triticeae ; insect–plant relationships ; oviposition ; sensory ecology ; Hessian fly
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract To identify features of plants that mediate host selection behavior in the Hessian fly, we established the ranking of six grasses by ovipositing females and then ran choice tests with plant models that incorporated physical and/or chemical features of the six grasses. In tests with real plants, egg counts revealed the following ranking: 18ITSN triticale 〉 Otane hexaploid bread wheat 〉 Fleet barley 〉 PND tetraploid durum wheat 〉 3424 hexaploid bread wheat 〉 Awapuni oat. On all six grasses, the adaxial side of the leaf received more eggs than the abaxial side. In tests with green paper models treated with extracts of the six grasses, egg counts were similar to egg counts on real plants. In tests with models that incorporated a molded resin imprint of an abaxial or adaxial leaf surface, egg counts on adaxial models, but not abaxial models, again were similar to egg counts on real plants. In two final tests a factorial design was used to compare the effects of the chemical and physical features of two pairs of grasses: (1) two bread wheats, Otane and 3424; and (2) a bread wheat and an oat, Otane and Awapuni. In the two tests, the effects of the physical features of the models were at least as important as the effects of the chemical features.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2639-2655 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; Dasineura mali ; apple ; flight ; wind tunnel ; oviposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The behavioral responses of apple leafcurling midge,Dasineura mali Kieffer, mated females to foliage from host and nonhost trees were investigated in a wind tunnel. When released downwind of apple or pear foliage, females exposed to apple were more likely to exhibit upwind flight and to approach and land on foliage. On apple foliage, landings were concentrated on buds and immature leaves. Probability of taking flight and latency to flight did not differ for females exposed to apple and pear. When foliage was placed behind screens to obscure plant visual stimuli, females again distinguished between apple and pear, with more of the females exposed to apple odors flying upwind and landing. Females exposed to pear odors were more likely to fly upwind, approach, and land than females exposed to clean air. Odors from immature apple foliage triggered orientation responses in a larger percentage of females than odors from mature apple foliage. A dichloromethane extract of immature apple foliage also triggered orientation responses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1261-1277 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Onion fly ; onion maggot ; Delia antiqua ; Hylemya antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; host selection ; oviposition ; dipropyl disulfide ; behavior ; herbivore ; plant-insect interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Onion fly females,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) laid the most eggs on ovipositional dishes havingn-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) release rates of 1–6 ng/sec from polyethylene capsules placed beneath a sand substrate. When dipropyl disulfide was released from the wax coating of surrogate foliage rather than from the substrate, ovipositing females again responded differentially to various concentrations, laying more eggs around stems containing 0.075 and 0.089 mg/stem. Factorial combinations of several concentrations released from surrogate foliage and substrate showed that releases from surrogate foliage stimulated four times more egg-laying than releases from the substrate. Females tended to lay more eggs around surrogate stems having Pr2S2 at the base rather than on the upper half of foliage. Observations of individual females performing preovipositional examining behaviors on Pr2S2-treated surrogate stems indicated that females tended to land on the upper portions of the foliage, but after landing, spent most of their time examining areas of soil and surrogate within 1 cm of the soil-surrogate foliage interface. Surrogate stems provide a realistic context for investigating effects of plant chemicals on host-acceptance behaviors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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