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  • allelochemical  (5)
  • photosynthesis  (5)
  • General Chemistry  (4)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sorgoleone ; mitochondria ; inhibitor ; allelochemical ; allelopathy ; root exudate ; Sorghum bicolor ; electron transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this investigation was to determine if sorgoleone (SGL), a hydrophobic compound inSorghum bicolor (L.) Moench root exudate, interferes with mitochondrial functions. Tests were conducted on mitochondria isolated from etiolated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The data show SGL is a potent inhibitor of state 3 and state 4 respiration rates in both soybean and corn. Using either NADH, succinate, or malate as substrate, the I50 was about 0.5μM SGL for state 3 and 5.0μM for state 4 based on 0.3–0.5 mg mitochondrial protein. Absorption spectra indicate SGL blocks electron transport at theb-c 1 complex. These data show that disruption of mitochondrial function may be a mechanism of SGL-mediated growth inhibition previously reported and demonstrate a probable role of SGL inSorghum allelopathy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1611-1621 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Hydroquinone ; allelopathy ; plant water balance ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; 13C isotopes ; leafy spurge ; Euphorbia esula ; small everlasting ; Antennaria microphylla Rydb
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Field observations indicate leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is inhibited by the presence of Antennaria microphylla. Hydroquinone (HQ), one of several compounds isolated from A. microphylla has been shown to inhibit leafy spurge seed germination, root elongation, and callus culture growth. The present study was designed to analyze the effects of HQ on water relations and photosynthesis of leafy spurge. Plants grown in 0.25 mM HQ had consistently higher leaf diffusive resistance and lower transpiration rates than control plants (P 〈 0.05). Chlorophyll fluorescence was significantly lower than controls (P 〈 0.05) towards the end of the treatment period. At the end of the treatment, tissue from 0.25 mM HQ plants had higher levels of 13C, indicating there had been a sustained interference with stomatal function. These data suggest that a disruption of the plant water balance is one mechanism of leafy spurge inhibition by A. microphylla.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2095-2109 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Caffeic acid ; allelopathy ; plant water balance ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; 13C carbon isotopes ; leafy spurge ; Euphorbia esula ; small everlasting ; Antennaria microphylla
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), a native perennial weed introduced from Eurasia around the turn of the century, disrupts natural and agroecosystems across much of the Northern Great Plains. While leafy spurge displaces many native plant species, it has been demonstrated that small everlasting (Antennaria microphylla), a native perennial, is allelopathic to leafy spurge. Caffeic acid (CA), one of three compounds isolated from small everlasting, inhibits leafy spurge seed germination, root elongation, and callus culture growth. This study investigated the mechanism of this interference at the whole-plant level. Results indicate that inhibition of growth in leafy spurge after exposure to CA is primarily due to a disruption of plant–water relations. Leafy spurge cuttings were propagated in 0.5 strength Hoagland's nutrient solution for 30 days. For treatments, six plants were transferred into nutrient medium amended with either 0.1 or 0.25 mM CA for a period of 30 days. To determine the effect of pH, two additional groups of six plants were grown in nutrient medium adjusted with HCl corresponding to pH levels of plants treated with CA (pH 5.5–5.8 for 0.1 mM CA and pH 4.5–4.8 for 0.25 mM CA). By day 12 of the treatment period, plants treated with both levels of CA had significantly higher leaf diffusive resistances than control plants. Plants grown at the corresponding pH levels experienced higher diffusive resistances later in the treatment period (day 21). Transpiration was similarly affected with treated plants showing relatively higher transpiration rates compared to controls. Chlorophyll fluorescence was significantly lower than controls in all treated plants by end of the treatment period. The stable carbon isotope ratio (13C:12C) in these plants was higher than controls. These data show that a disruption of plant water relations is the primary mechanism of plant growth inhibition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bioassay ; Lemna minor ; allelochemical ; allelopathy ; duckweed
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Investigations in allelopathy often require the use of a bioassay for evaluating limited quantities of potentially active growth regulators. A bioassay procedure was developed usingL. minor grown in 1.5-ml aliquots of nutrient medium with and without allelochemicals in wells of 24-well tissue culture cluster dishes with loose-fitting lids. Tests using six replications per treatment with several flavonoid compounds and derivatives of coumarin, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid demonstrated that the bioassay was capable of measuring inhibition at levels of compound ranging from 50 to 1000 μmol. Strongly inhibitory treatments were visible after 1 or 2 days. After 7 days of growth, frond number, growth rate, and dry weight were used to evaluate effects. The bioassay system is relatively simple, very sensitive, reproducible, and can be used for testing small amounts and dilute concentrations of unknowns which have been separated by chromatography.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sorgoleone ; phytotoxin ; allelochemical ; allelopathy ; root exudate ; Sorghum bicolor ; Sorghums ; weed inhibition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Root exudates ofSorghum bicolor consist primarily of a dihydroquinone that is quickly oxidized to ap-benzoquinone named sorgoleone. The aim of this investigation was to determine the potential activity of sorgoleone as an inhibitor of weed growth. Bioassays showed 125μM sorgoleone reduced radicle elongation ofEragrostis tef. In liquid culture, 50-μM sorgoleone treatments stunted the growth ofLemna minor. Over a 10-day treatment period, 10μM sorgoleone in the nutrient medium reduced the growth of all weed seedlings tested:Abutilon theophrasti, Datura stramonium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, andEchinochloa crusgalli. These data show sorgoleone has biological activity at extremely low concentrations, suggesting a strong contribution toSorghum allelopathy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Juglone ; allelopathy ; allelochemical ; photosynthesis ; chioroplast ; mitochondria ; Lemna minor ; Glycine max
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The impacts of juglone on plant growth and several other physiological functions were evaluated in this study. Juglone inhibitedLemna minor growth, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis at treatments between 10 and 40μM. Soybean leaf disks vacuum infiltrated with as little as 10μM juglone had reduced photosynthesis. Oxygen evolution by chloroplasts isolated fromPisum sativum was inhibited by juglone with an I50 of 2μM. Micromolar treatments of juglone stimulated oxygen uptake in mitochondria isolated fromGlycine max. These data suggest perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial functions may contribute to plant growth reductions observed in juglone-mediated allelopathy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 369-375 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sorgoleone ; allelochemical ; allelopathy ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; root exudate ; Sorghum bicolor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this investigation was to determine if sorgoleone (SGL), ap-benzoquinone inSorghum bicolor root exudate, is a photosynthesis inhibitor. Assays usingGlycine max leaf disks showed concentrations as low as 10μM SGL inhibited oxygen evolution more than 50%. Tests conducted on chloroplasts isolated fromPisum sativum showed that SGL is a powerful inhibitor of CO2-dependent oxygen evolution. Using a chloroplast suspension equivalent to 80–100μg chlorophyll, the I50 was approximately 0.2μM SGL. These data indicate inhibition of photosynthesis is part of the explanation for growth reduction caused by this allelochemical.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; bacteriochlorophyll ; electron acceptor ; iron-sulfur center ; Photosystem I ; heliobacteria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Treatment of membranes ofHeliobacillus mobilis with high concentrations of the chaotropic agent urea resulted in the removal of the iron-sulfur centers FA and FB from the reaction center, as indicated by EPR spectra under strongly reducing conditions. In urea-treated membranes, transient absorption measurements upon a laser flash indicated a recombination between the photo-oxidized primary donor P798+ and a reduced acceptor with a time constant of 20 ms at room temperature. Benzylviologen, vitamin K-3 and methylene blue were found to accept electrons from the reduced acceptor efficiently. A differential extinction coefficient of 225–240 mM−1 cm−1 at 798 nm was determined from experiments in the presence of methylene blue. Transient absorption difference spectra between 400 and 500 nm in the presence and absence of artificial acceptors indicated that the electron acceptor involved in the 20 ms recombination has an absorption spectrum similar to that of an iron-sulfur center. This iron-sulfur center was assigned to be analogous to FX of Photosystem I. Our results provide evidence in support of the presence of FX in heliobacteria, which was proposed on the basis of the reaction center polypeptide sequence (Liebl et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7124–7128). Implications for the electron transfer pathway in the reaction center of heliobacteria are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Imaging agents ; Lanthanides ; NMR spectroscopy ; DNA cleavage ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The hydration state of a series of [Ln(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ complexes in aqueous solution at pH = 6.4-7.0 was studied by measuring the lanthanide-induced 17O shifts (LIS) of water [Ln includes elements from Ce to Yb; DO2A = 1,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane]. Their contact contribution, obtained from Reilley plots, indicated a decrease in the inner-sphere water coordination number of the [Ln(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ complexes from n = 3 (Ce-Eu), to n = 2 (Tb-Yb). A temperature-dependent UV/Vis absorption study of the 578-582 nm 7F0 → 5D0 transition band of [Eu(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ in aqueous solution showed that this complex is present in an equilibrium between eight- and nine-coordinate species with n = 2 and n = 3, respectively. The hydration equilibrium parameters (2 ↔ 3), K2-3298 = 4.0 ± 0.2, ΔH2-30 = -12.1 ± 1 kJ mol-1 and ΔS2-30 = -28.9 ± 3 J mol-1 K-1,correspond to an average hydration number of 2.65-2.85 in the temperature range 273-363 K. A variable temperature, multiple field 17O NMR study combined with direct EPR measurements of the transverse electronic relaxation rates has been used to obtain the parameters characterizing water exchange, rotation and electronic relaxation, all influencing the proton relaxivity of [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+. The small increase in the water exchange rate of [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+ (kex298 = (10 ± 5) × 106s-1) relative to that of[Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (4.8 × 106 s-1) is a consequence of an unfavorable interplay of charge and hydration equilibria. The value of τR298 = 40 ± 1 ps is short, and the electronic relaxation rate (1/T2e ≍ 1.2 × 1010 s-1) is fast relative to [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (1.3-2.4 × 109 s-1 for B = 0.34 T). These parameters negate to some extent the expected increase in proton relaxivity of the [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+ complex.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under -//_/_http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2005/2000/99338_s.pdf or from the author.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 21 (1908), S. 1597-1600 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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