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  • predation  (4)
  • Deterrence  (2)
  • Locusta  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; diet breadth ; Hypera brunneipennis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the specialist coleopteran Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were nicotine, quinine, sparteine, hordenine, linamarin, amygdalin, sinigrin, morin, juglone, chlorogenic acid, digitonin, mimosine, diosgenin, rutin and ursolic acid. Nine of these were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over one to two weeks of adult life, using fecundity as a measure of the effects. In only one case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; monophagy ; polyphagy ; host range ; Vespidae ; caterpillars ; predation ; Mischocyttarus flavitarsus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The narrow host range of insect herbivores is noted, and some of the reasons why specificity has evolved are reviewed. Works indicating the need for new approaches are pointed out including the possibility that generalist predators provide a suitable pressure. Experiments to test the hypothesis that generalists are more vulnerable than specialists to predators are described. They involved a vespid wasp and over thirty species pairs of caterpillars, matched for size and density. Overall, generalists were taken more readily than specialists: some but not all reasons could be detected. The results are discussed in ecological and evolutionary terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; habituation ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; deterrent-masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Des essais préliminaires ont porté sur les différentes techniques de dosage de produits qui normalement inhibent la prise de nourriture. L'isolement des composés hydrosolubles dans des liposomes a donné des résultats prometteurs pour les dissuadants puissants, bien qu'au cours d'absorptions expérimentales de liquide beaucoup de dissuadants aient perdu de leur efficacité. La microencapsulation, en les enfouissant dans une matrice de polymère pour former des sphères sans véritable paroi, peut avoir masqué le pouvoir dissuadant des produits lipophiles, mais n'a pas masqué suffisamment le goût des produits hydrosolubles. La microencapsulation dans des capsules de gélatine a été efficace avec les colorants liposolubles, la paroi de la capsule semblant détruite très rapidement après ingestion. Le revêtement de fines particules par de la cire n'a pas masqué efficacement l'effet dissuasif de la quinine, mais a été valable avec les produits insolubles dans les lipides. L'encapsulation moléculaire de l'acide grindellique dans de la cyclodextrine a masqué son effect dissuasif pour [?]Schistocerca gregaria. Les larves ont mangé le tout pendant les second et troisième stades et ont présenté un ralentissement du développement pendant le troisième stade sans diminuation de la consommation. L'étude comportementale de l'administration de produits dissuasifs comprend l'action de boire et l'accoutumance. Certains produits qui réduisent la consommation de feuilles ont été absorbés en quantités suffisantes avec l'eau de boisson pour donner des doses significatives avec une ou deux prises de liquide par jour. Des larves de Pseudaletia unipuncta alimentées avec du blé traité à la nicotine pendant les cinquième et sixième stades, ont consommé moins que les témoins, mais seulement pendant les 24 premières heures de l'expérience. La prolongation d'un jour, de la durée de développement, a été attribuée au temps nécessaire à l'accoutumance.
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary assessment was made of a variety of approaches to dosing insects with compounds that normally deter feeding. Enclosing water-soluble compounds in liposomes has promise for strong deterrents, although in drinking assays many deterrents lose their potency anyway. Microencapsulating compounds by embedding them in a polymer matrix to form spheres without a true barrier wall may have masked deterrency of a lipophilic compound, but did not adequately mask the taste of water-soluble compounds. Microencapsulation with gelatin was shown to work with lipid-soluble dye and the capsule walls appear to be broken down very rapidly after ingestion. Coating fine particles with beeswax did not successfully mask the deterrence of quinine, but has value with compounds insoluble in lipids. Starch coating can be effective for insects lacking salivary amylase. Molecular encapsulation of grindelic acid in cyclodextrin masked its deterrency to Schistocerca americana. Nymphs fed this material through the second and third instars showed an increase in development time during the third instar without any corresponding reduction in consumption rate. Behavioral approaches to administering deterrent compounds include drinking and habituation. Some compounds that reduce consumption of leaf material were taken in drinking water in amounts sufficient to give relevant doses in one or two drinks daily. Pseudaletia unipuncta larvae fed nicotine-treated wheat through the fifth and sixth instars ate less than control larvae during the first 24 h of the experiment but showed no reduction in consumption after that period. A one-day increase in development time was attributed to the one-day habituation period. More work is needed on the release of taste-masked compounds in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; Locusta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant secondary compounds ; grasshopper feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison a porté sur les relations entre répulsion et toxicité de huit substances secondaires chez deux acridiens: Locusta migratoria, spécialiste de graminées, et Schistocerca gregaria, polyphage. L. migratoria est repoussé par toutes les substances proposées, aux concentrations naturelles, pour lesquelles S. gregaria a présenté des comportements trés divers. Mais surtout, L. migratoria a été significativement plus sensible que S. gregaria aux effets toxiques de ces substances quand elles sont injectées dans son haemolymphe; S. gregaria a réagi à ces substances plus par des modifications de son comportement. Il y a une corrélation significative pour les deux espèces, entre la répulsion et la toxicité des substances injectées.
    Notes: Abstract A comparison was made of the relationship between deterrence and toxicity of eight secondary compounds to two acridids. The grass specialist Locusta migratoria was compared with the polyphagous Schistocerca gregaria. L. migratoria was deterred by all compounds presented at natural concentrations to which S. gregaria showed a variety of behavioral responses. Overall, L. migratoria was significantly more susceptible to toxic effects of the chemicals when injected into the hemolymph than was S. gregaria and was more sensitive behaviourally to them. There was a significant correlation in both species between deterrency and toxicity of injected compounds, but little evidence of a relationship between deterrency and oral toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 299-311 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Host range ; evolution ; herbivores ; predation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The potential role of generalist natural enemies is presented as one of the important ecological pressures that select for narrow host range in phytophagous insects, and dominant relative to physiological bases for specialization. Experiments are described in three completely different systems indicating that generalist herbivores are more vulnerable to predation than specialist herbivores. The three predators were (a) the vespid waspMischocyttarus flavitarsus, (b) the Argentine antIridomyrmex humilis and (c) the coccinellid beetleHippodamia convergens. It is concluded the predators may provide strong selection pressure for maintenance and perhaps evolution of narrow host range in insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Condensed tannin ; quebracho ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; digestibility ; Schistocerca ; Locusta ; Zonocerus ; Chortoicetes ; peritrophic membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four species of Acridoidea were fed on wheat leaves with and without the condensed tannin, quebracho. In no case was it deleterious to survival and growth at levels below about 10% dry weight on the food. Similarly, consumption, digestibility, and utilization of food were unaffected at up to 10% dry weight. At higher concentrations, however, the consumption and the efficiency of conversion of digestion were reduced, although digestibility was little affected. The possible mechanisms for such tolerance are discussed, and contrast made with insects which are very sensitive to ingested condensed tannin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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