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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; diet breadth ; Hypera brunneipennis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the specialist coleopteran Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were nicotine, quinine, sparteine, hordenine, linamarin, amygdalin, sinigrin, morin, juglone, chlorogenic acid, digitonin, mimosine, diosgenin, rutin and ursolic acid. Nine of these were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over one to two weeks of adult life, using fecundity as a measure of the effects. In only one case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; Locusta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant secondary compounds ; grasshopper feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison a porté sur les relations entre répulsion et toxicité de huit substances secondaires chez deux acridiens: Locusta migratoria, spécialiste de graminées, et Schistocerca gregaria, polyphage. L. migratoria est repoussé par toutes les substances proposées, aux concentrations naturelles, pour lesquelles S. gregaria a présenté des comportements trés divers. Mais surtout, L. migratoria a été significativement plus sensible que S. gregaria aux effets toxiques de ces substances quand elles sont injectées dans son haemolymphe; S. gregaria a réagi à ces substances plus par des modifications de son comportement. Il y a une corrélation significative pour les deux espèces, entre la répulsion et la toxicité des substances injectées.
    Notes: Abstract A comparison was made of the relationship between deterrence and toxicity of eight secondary compounds to two acridids. The grass specialist Locusta migratoria was compared with the polyphagous Schistocerca gregaria. L. migratoria was deterred by all compounds presented at natural concentrations to which S. gregaria showed a variety of behavioral responses. Overall, L. migratoria was significantly more susceptible to toxic effects of the chemicals when injected into the hemolymph than was S. gregaria and was more sensitive behaviourally to them. There was a significant correlation in both species between deterrency and toxicity of injected compounds, but little evidence of a relationship between deterrency and oral toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; habituation ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; deterrent-masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Des essais préliminaires ont porté sur les différentes techniques de dosage de produits qui normalement inhibent la prise de nourriture. L'isolement des composés hydrosolubles dans des liposomes a donné des résultats prometteurs pour les dissuadants puissants, bien qu'au cours d'absorptions expérimentales de liquide beaucoup de dissuadants aient perdu de leur efficacité. La microencapsulation, en les enfouissant dans une matrice de polymère pour former des sphères sans véritable paroi, peut avoir masqué le pouvoir dissuadant des produits lipophiles, mais n'a pas masqué suffisamment le goût des produits hydrosolubles. La microencapsulation dans des capsules de gélatine a été efficace avec les colorants liposolubles, la paroi de la capsule semblant détruite très rapidement après ingestion. Le revêtement de fines particules par de la cire n'a pas masqué efficacement l'effet dissuasif de la quinine, mais a été valable avec les produits insolubles dans les lipides. L'encapsulation moléculaire de l'acide grindellique dans de la cyclodextrine a masqué son effect dissuasif pour [?]Schistocerca gregaria. Les larves ont mangé le tout pendant les second et troisième stades et ont présenté un ralentissement du développement pendant le troisième stade sans diminuation de la consommation. L'étude comportementale de l'administration de produits dissuasifs comprend l'action de boire et l'accoutumance. Certains produits qui réduisent la consommation de feuilles ont été absorbés en quantités suffisantes avec l'eau de boisson pour donner des doses significatives avec une ou deux prises de liquide par jour. Des larves de Pseudaletia unipuncta alimentées avec du blé traité à la nicotine pendant les cinquième et sixième stades, ont consommé moins que les témoins, mais seulement pendant les 24 premières heures de l'expérience. La prolongation d'un jour, de la durée de développement, a été attribuée au temps nécessaire à l'accoutumance.
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary assessment was made of a variety of approaches to dosing insects with compounds that normally deter feeding. Enclosing water-soluble compounds in liposomes has promise for strong deterrents, although in drinking assays many deterrents lose their potency anyway. Microencapsulating compounds by embedding them in a polymer matrix to form spheres without a true barrier wall may have masked deterrency of a lipophilic compound, but did not adequately mask the taste of water-soluble compounds. Microencapsulation with gelatin was shown to work with lipid-soluble dye and the capsule walls appear to be broken down very rapidly after ingestion. Coating fine particles with beeswax did not successfully mask the deterrence of quinine, but has value with compounds insoluble in lipids. Starch coating can be effective for insects lacking salivary amylase. Molecular encapsulation of grindelic acid in cyclodextrin masked its deterrency to Schistocerca americana. Nymphs fed this material through the second and third instars showed an increase in development time during the third instar without any corresponding reduction in consumption rate. Behavioral approaches to administering deterrent compounds include drinking and habituation. Some compounds that reduce consumption of leaf material were taken in drinking water in amounts sufficient to give relevant doses in one or two drinks daily. Pseudaletia unipuncta larvae fed nicotine-treated wheat through the fifth and sixth instars ate less than control larvae during the first 24 h of the experiment but showed no reduction in consumption after that period. A one-day increase in development time was attributed to the one-day habituation period. More work is needed on the release of taste-masked compounds in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; oligophagy ; plant secondary compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets qui suivent l'ingestion de 7 produits secondaires de plantes non-hôtes ont été examinés sur des chenilles de M. sexta. Ces substances avaient été choisies pour la diversité de leurs effets sur le comportement alimentaire lors d'expériences de courte durée: 4 avaient montré des effets dissuasifs variés, 3 n'en avaient pas présenté. On a enduit des feuilles fraiches de leur plante-hôte (Nicotania tabacum) des différentes substances à raison d'à peu près 1% du poids sec. Seule une substance a réduit les performances des chenilles. Ces résultats ont été discutés en fonction de l'absence de relation entre dissuation et toxicité dans l'évolution des défenses chez les plantes.
    Notes: Abstract Seven non-host plant secondary compounds were tested for their post-ingestional effects on larvae of Manduca cesta Johan. The compounds were selected for their range of effects on feeding behavior in short-term tests: four showed different levels of deterrence while three were not deterrent. Insects were dosed by coating fresh leaves of their food plant (tobacco) with particular compounds at concentrations of 1% dry weight. Only one compound had detrimental effects on larval performance. The results are discussed in the context of the lack of correlation between deterrence and toxicity and the evolution of plant defenses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2519-2526 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Schistocerca americana ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant defense ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the generalist grasshopperSchistocerca americana in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were coumarin, salicin, tannic acid, gramine, nicotine, quinine, carvone, geraniol, abietic acid, umbelliferone, and ursolic acid. These were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over the whole of the last larval instar. Different methods were employed to mask the taste of compounds that were deterrent in order to ensure that any effects were not due to reduced feeding. In no case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. In two cases, there was a significant increase in growth rate with the addition of the secondary compound to the diet. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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