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Kinetics and mechanism of emulsion polymerization initiated by oil-soluble initiators. II. Kinetic behavior of styrene emulsion polymerization initiated by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (1991)

Nomura, M. ; Yamada, A. ; Fujita, S. ; [et al.]

Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 987-994

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ISSN: 0887-624X

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: In order to clarify the general kinetic behavior of emulsion polymerization initiated by oilsoluble initiators, the emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile was as a typical example, investigated thoroughly. The variations of the polymerization rate and the number of polymer particles produced with changes in emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate), initiator, and monomer concentrations initially charged and the reaction temperature were determined. It is shown from these experimental results that the kinetic behavior of this emulsion polymerization system is quite similar to that of styrene emulsion polymerization initiated by the water-soluble initiator, potassium persulfate despite the difference in the principal loci of radical production in both systems.

Additional Material: 14 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290705

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Cattle feeding deterrents emitted from cattle feces (1991)

Dohi, H. ; Yamada, A. ; Entsu, S.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1197-1203

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Cattle ; dung patch ; feces odor ; feeding deterrents ; volatiles

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Cattle avoid grazing forage near their feces on pasture for more than a month. The relation of cattle feces odor to the rejection was studied in feeding choice tests using cattle. The feeding deterrent of feces odor was investigated using a trough partitioned to allow passage of feces odor through test food to the cattle. The cattle did not feed from the trough containing feces 0–35 days after excretion. Volatile chemicals isolated from feces 0–35 days after excretion by a cold trap method also inhibited cattle from feeding. These results demonstrated that feces odor is a major cause of the unpalatability of forage around cattle feces. The volatile chemicals were separated into ether and aqueous fractions. The ether fraction inhibited the feeding behavior of cattle. Furthermore, the ether fraction was separated into neutral, acidic, and basic fractions. The neutral fraction of the three was bioactive. These results suggested that specific volatile chemicals emitted from cattle feces were deterrents to the feeding behavior of cattle.