Bibliothek

Notizen: Refractive index (RI) matching is a unique way of making clear emulsions to meet market trends. However, RI matching has not been sufficiently investigated in terms of physical principles and methodologies. Snell's law (n2 sin r2 = n1 sin r1) is applicable to cosmetic emulsions. When oil phase and water phase have equal RI (n2 = n1) values, light will not bend as it strikes obliquely at the emulsion interface. Instead, light is transmitted through the emulsion without refraction, which produces clarity. Theoretical RI values in solution can be calculated with summation of the product of the weight percentage and refractive index of each ingredient (RImix = [W1 × n1 + W2 × n2 + W3 × n3 + + Wn × nn]/WT). Oil-phase RI values are normally at 1.4 or higher. Glycols are used to adjust the water phase RI, since they typically have larger RI values than water. Noticeable deviations from calculated RI values are seen in experimentally prepared solutions. Three basic deviation types are observed: negative, positive, and slightly negative or positive, which can occur in glycol aqueous solutions at different concentrations. The deviations are attributed to changes in molecular interaction between molecules in solution, which can lead to changes in specific gravity. Negative RI deviation corresponds to a decrease in specific gravity, and positive RI deviation corresponds to an increase in specific gravity. RI values will deviate from calculated values since an increase or decrease in specific gravity leads to a change in optical density.

Notizen: The paper describes and discusses the effect on the local benthic community of the discharge of a dense, saline, effluent into a nearshore area of the North Sea. The monitoring programme continued through the twenty-year period from 1970 until 1989 and includes effectively five years pre-discharge data. Samples were taken from fixed stations with a grab sampler and the invertebrate fauna were identified, wherever possible, to species. In addition, the particle size distribution of the sediment in each sample was determined. The discharge has had a clear effect on the benthic community.This extensive dataset, with its clear gradient of effect, also offers the opportunity of comparing the effectiveness of species and family level identification when studying the effect of disturbance. In this case the impacted area was as readily identifiable from the family as the species level data.

Notizen: Anguilla is a UK overseas (non-independent) territory in the Caribbean. It is a small middle-income island with a population of 13 000, and recent statistics indicate that it is more dependent on tourism than any other country or territory in the world. Rapid population growth and development have placed more emphasis on the need for human health and environmental protection. For the first time, a systematic water-quality monitoring programme has been developed, based on the realities of the local situation, e.g. low resource base, limited capabilities, dependence on household rainwater catchment, storage cisterns, and a poor water-supply network. Development of the programme incorporated the key themes of pragmatic, realistic, incremental, responsive, and consultative approaches.

Notizen: Seedling emergence of Lamium amplexicaule L. and L. purpureum L. was monitored in field plots tilled at various times during the growing season, and the number of viable seeds in the soil was determined. In plots tilled in early spring, only seeds of L. amplexicaule, germinated, but seeds of both species germinated in the same plots in autumn without further disturbance. Additional seeds of L. amplexicaule, but not of L. purpureum, germinated the following spring. In plots tilled in late spring and summer, seeds of L. amplexicaule germinated in autumn and the following spring, whereas seeds of L. purpureum germinated only in autumn. The number of viable seeds in the top 13 mm layer of soil ranged from 189 to 1216 m−2 for L. amplexicaule and from 131 to 854 for L. purpureum. These field results support those obtained in previous glasshouse-laboratory physiological studies on the annual dormancy cycle in the two Lamium species. Levée au champ de Lamium amplexicaule L. et L. purpureum L. par rapport au cycle annuel de la dormance des grainesLa levée de jeunes plants de Lamium amplexicaule L. et L. purpureum L. a été observée sur des parcelles cultivées à différentes époques de la saison de végétation et le nombre de graines viables au sol a été déterminé. Sur les parcelles cultivées en début de printemps, seules les graines de L. amplexicaule ont germé, mais des graines des deux espèces ont germé en automne sur les mêmes parcelles, sans cultivation ultérieure. Au printemps suivant, une nouvelle germination a été constatée chez L. amplexicaule mais pas chez L. purpureum. Sur les parcelles cultivées en fin de printemps et en été, des graines de L. amplexicaule ont germé en automne et aussi au printemps suivant, tandis que les graines de L. purpureum n'ont germé qu'en automne. Le nombre de graines viables dans les premiers 13 mm de la surface du sol allait de 189 à 1216 m−2 pour L. amplexicaule et de 131 à 854 pour L. purpureum. Ces résultats sur le terrain confirment ceux obtenus dans des études physiologiques sur le cycle annuel de dormance chez les deux espèces de Lamium, menées préalablement en serre et au laboratoire. Ueber dus Auflaufen von Lamium amplexicaule L. und L. purpureum L. in Bezug auf den Jährlichen Zyklus der Samenruhe unter FeldbedingungenIn Parzellen, die zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten während der Vegetationsperiode einer Boden-bearbeitung unterworfen worden waren, wurde sowohl das Auflaufen der Keimlinge von Lamium amplexicaule L. und L. purpureum L. registriert, als auch die Anzahl lebenfähiger Samen festgestellt. Nach Bodenbearbeitung im frühen Frühling keimten nur Samen von L. amplexicaule; im Herbst keimten in denselben Parzellen jedoch Samen beider Arten, sofern der Boden nicht mehr bewegt worden war. Weitere Samen von L. amplexicaule, nicht aber von L. purpureum, keimten im folgenden Frühling. In Parzellen, die im späten Frühling und im Sommer bearbeitet worden waren, keimte L. amplexicaule im Herbst und im folgenden Frühling. Während L. purpureum nur im Herbst keimte. Die Anzahl lebensfähiger Samen m−2 in den obersten 13 mm des Bodens bewegte sich zwischen 189 und 1216 für L. amplexicaule und zwischen 131 und 854 für L. purpureum. Diese Feldresultate bestätigen Ergebnisse von Gewüchshausstudien über den jährlichen Zyklus der Samenruhe der beiden Lamium-Arten.

Notizen: Background  The management of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) is controversial and guidance published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggests a multidisciplinary approach.Methods  We evaluated the patterns of referral and techniques used in the diagnosis and management of ADHD in Wirral Health Authority by studying the case notes of 391 children diagnosed between 1994 and August 2000.Results  The majority of cases were referred from Primary Care and the detected prevalence was 8/1000. Boys were diagnosed more frequently than girls (12 : 1) and the mean age at diagnosis was 8.7 years; girls were more likely to have been diagnosed prior to age 8. The use of behaviour rating questionnaires and school visits as an aid to diagnosis increased during the study period. Management by Child Psychiatry and Community Paediatric services was similar with stimulant medication prescribed in 91% of cases; Child Psychiatry services were more likely to give advice on behaviour management than Paediatric services. Twelve per cent of cases were managed by both services, or in joint Outpatient clinics. Outpatient follow-up was most likely to occur at six monthly intervals and required 1312 appointments per year.Conclusions  This study shows that the management of children with ADHD in Wirral Health Authority is compatible with NICE guidance. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity is a significant burden on clinical services and long-term planning is required.

Notizen: [Auszug] In attempts to obtain a clearer understanding of factors affecting the distribution of bacteria and fungi in soils we have made use of a growth medium comprising glass micro-beads of uniform size. With such a system it is possible either to calculate, or to determine directly, such properties as ...

Notizen: [Auszug] Although the structure of the transparent cornea is well documented6'7, and descriptions exist of the analytical differences between it and the sclera8, there seems to be no ready reference to a lower shrinkage temperature. Using a modified Theis apparatus9 the results were as shown in Table 1. ...