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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 175-178 (Nov. 1994), p. 347-350 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Quelle: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Marine biology 116 (1993), S. 459-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial context in which “host races” of parasitic animals originate is a central issue in the controversial theory of sympatric speciation. Sponge-dwelling shrimps in the genus Synalpheus provide a good system for evaluating the possibility of resource-associated divergence in sympatry. I used allozyme electrophoresis to assess the genetic population structure of two Caribbean Synalpheus species sampled in 1988 to 1990 at a hierarchy of spatial scales. S. brooksi Coutière is a host-generalist, using several sponge species in an area, and develops directly, with no planktonic larval stage. G-tests and estimates of F ST revealed highly structured populations in this species, with significant differentiation among samples from individual reefs within a region, and strong divergence among regions (Panama, Belize, Florida). Moreover, samples of S. brooksi taken from the two sponges Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck) and Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt) in Panama, and separated by ≤3 km, showed significant differentiation at both of the loci that were polymorphic in these populations. Genetic distances between these host-associated populations averaged 〉60% greater than distances between samples from the same host species and were comparable to, or greater tha, those for some inter-regional comparisons. These genetic data corroborate a previous finding of demographic differences between the same populations. The second species, S. pectiniger Coutière, occurs only in Spheciospongia vesparium, and produces swimming larvae. Although allele frequencies in this species differed significantly among the three regions, S. pectiniger showed no differentiation within regions, and significantly lower differentiation (F ST) among regions than its direct-developing congener. These data suggest that genetic population structure in these two commensal crustaceans is related to dispersal potential, and that restricted dispersal may allow the divergence of host-associated populations on a local scale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 679 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Oecologia 83 (1990), S. 267-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Amphipods ; Ampithoe ; Epiphytes ; Herbivory ; Sargassum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Herbivorous marine amphipods have been implicated as important grazers on filamentous and ephemeral algae, and thus as beneficial to macrophytes in reducing overgrowth by epiphytic competitors. In North Carolina, USA, amphipods comprise 97% of all macroscopic animals inhabiting the abundant brown seaweed Sargassum filipendula, and peak in abundance between late winter and early summer. I used outdoor tank experiments to test the species-specific impact of common phytal amphipods on the growth of Sargassum and its epiphytes. The results show that seaweed-associated amphipods are a trophically diverse group that could either increase or decrease host fitness depending on their feeding preferences. The amphipods Ampithoe marcuzii, Caprella penantis, and Jassa falcata each significantly reduced growth of epiphytes on Sargassum plants relative to amphipod-free controls, while Ericthonius brasiliensis had no significant effect on Sargassum or its epiphytes. However, amphipod grazing was not necessarily beneficial to Sargassum. A. marcuzii consumed Sargassum in one outdoor tank experiment, reducing its mass by 11%, while Sargassum plants without amphipods grew by 81%. Epiphytes (mostly diatoms and the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus) and detritus remained abundant on these plants suggesting that A. marcuzii preferred the host to its epiphytes. Similarly, when given simultaneous access to Sargassum and to several common foliose and filamentous epiphytes in the lab, A. marcuzii ate Sargassum almost exclusively. The other three amphipods ate no macroalgae. In contrast to A. marcuzii, C. penantis consistently reduced epiphytes with no negative effect on Sargassum. Thus the species composition of the amphipod fauna can determine whether these animals increase or decrease seaweed fitness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Chemical defenses ; Coral reefs ; Nutritional quality ; Plant-herbivore interactions ; Predator-prey interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Many coral-reef seaweeds and sessile invertebrates produce both secondary chemicals and mineral or fibrous skeletal materials that can reduce their susceptibility to consumers. Although skeletal materials often have been assumed to function as physical defenses, their deterrent effectiveness may derive from their reduction of prey nutritional quality as well as from noxiousness of the skeletal material itself. To test the relative importance of prey nutritional quality and chemical defenses in susceptibility to predation, we offered reef fishes on Guam a choice of artificial foods varying in nutritional quality (4% versus 22% protein) and in secondary chemistry (spanning approximately natural concentration ranges). Field feeding assays were performed with pachydictyol A from the pantropical brown seaweed genus Dictyota, manoalide from the Micronesian sponge Luffariella variabilis, and a brominated diphenyl ether from the Micronesian sponge Dysidea sp. The results indicated that chemical defenses were less effective in high- than in low-quality foods. In paired assays with metabolite-free controls, all three compounds at natural concentrations significantly reduced feeding by reef fishes only in assays using low-quality food, and not in assays with high-quality food. When fishes were offered an array of artificial foods varying in both food quality and metabolite concentration, food quality significantly affected fish feeding in all three cases, while secondary chemistry was significant in only one. Thus differences in nutritional quality, within the natural range among reef organisms, can be comparable to or greater in importance than secondary chemistry in affecting feeding preferences of their consumers. Reduced nutritional quality may be an important selective advantage of producing indigestible structural materials, in addition to their roles as physical support and defense, in coral reef organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 57 (1969), S. 480-489 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Flüssigkeits-Szintillationszählung zur Bestimmung von14C-markiertem Ametryn in Dünnschichtchromatogrammen wurde eingehend geprüft. Alterung, Löschungseffekt von Trägersubstanz und Adsorptionsmitteln, Temperaturbeständigkeit der Verbindung in adsorbiertem Zustand wurden untersucht. Die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt 1 bis 2%, die Nachweisgrenze 0,005μg pro Tüpfel, das Signal-Hintergrund-Verhältnis 3∶1. Zur Lokalisierung der Flecken wurde die Fluoreszenzlöschung herangezogen. Die Ausbeute nach 30 Minuten Entwicklung auf Silikagelplatten war ungefähr 90% Ametryn, unabhängig vom Laufmittel. Bei zweidimensionaler Arbeitsweise wurden 75% wiedergefunden. Die Ausbeute aus Wasser- und Bodenproben lag zwischen 78 und 88%.
    Notizen: Summary The use of the liquid scintillation counting method for the determination of14C labelled ametryne on thin-layer chromatograms has been thoroughly investigated. Aging, quenching effect of carrier and adsorbents as well as temperature stability of the compound in the adsorbed state have been studied. The method has a reproducibility of 1 to 2% and a detection limit of 0.005μg per spot at a 3 ∶ 1 signal to background ratio. Fluorescence quenching was used for the location of spots on the chromatogram. Recovery studies were carried out by this method. After 30 minutes development on a chromatoplate coated with silicagel, about 90% of the ametryne was recovered independent of solvent system used. About 75% of the ametryne was recovered from a two-dimensional chromatogram. Recoveries of ametryne from water and soil samples ranged between 78 and 88%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Fe toxicity ; highland swamp ; Histosol ; Mn ; leaf mineral content ; organic carbon ; peat ; rice ; soil pH
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Iron toxicity is suspected to be a major nutritional disorder in rice cropping systems established on flooded organic soils that contain reductible iron. A pot trial was carried out to assess Fe toxicity to rice in flooded Burundi highland swamp soils with a wide range of organic carbon contents. Soil and leaf analyses were performed and total grain weight was determined. Clear Fe toxicity was diagnosed, based on leaf Fe content at panicle differentiation. Leaf Fe contents higher than 250 μg g−1 dry matter induced lower Mg (and probably Mn) uptake, and a 50% total grain weight reduction. These features were associated with exchangeable Fe equivalent fractions higher than 86%. Besides, several non-Fe toxic soils exhibited an Mg-Mn imbalance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Human evolution 8 (1993), S. 281-289 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Schlagwort(e): Hominids ; Recognition Concept of Species ; Specific Mate Recognition System ; Postcrania
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Recognition Concept of Species is examined for its potential usefulness in discriminating speciation events in the hominid fossil record. Controversies over species-specific characteristics amongHomo erectus and archaicHomo sapiens have centred on traits of the skull, largely because this element is most commonly preserved. Modern humans have an intuitive knowledge of their own Specific Mate Recognition System (SMRS), and therefore have the opportunity to compare their own SMRS to that of fossil hominids and the extent pongids. Such comparison suggests that our own skeletal SMRS may depend less on features of the skull than on the morphology of the postcranial anatomy. We propose that these components be further examined in this regard. We tentatively conclude that examination of the Recognition Concept of Species indicates that from lateHomo erectus onwards, the same SMRS has been shared in common by all hominids, including modernHomo sapiens. This suggests that, following the SMRS criterion, none of these forms can be categorized as separate species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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