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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geo-marine letters 2 (1982), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to outline a satisfactory general theory for the formation of Pacific deep-sea manganese nodules based on a consideration of the time of initiation of formation of the nodules, a mechanism of maintenance of the nodules at the sediment surface and the role of biological productivity of the surface waters in influencing nodule characteristics. Using this model, the principal physical, chemical and distributional features of the nodules and reasons for their differences on a regional scale in the Pacific can be interpreted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 54 (1995), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Detaillierte mikromorphologische Studien haben gezeigt, daß Zeolithe, wie Mesolit, Cowlesit, Mordenit und Ferrierit, die ausschließlich in porösen Zonen gebildet werden, einen wichtigen Bestandteil von mittelozeanischen Rückenbasalten (MORB) darstellen. Derartige poröse Zonen dürften das Resultat hydroexpansiver Fragmentations-Prozesse sein, die während submariner Eruption der Laven stattfinden. Die Strukturen der Hydroexpansion und die sekundären Mineralvergesellschaftungen in den Meerboden-Basalten, scheinen in der frühen Alterationsgeschichte der MORB signifikant zu sein. Das ursprüngliche Volumen dieser Strukturen ist schwer abzuschätzen, da diese von subsequenten Alterationsprozessen überprägt sind. Die Zeolith-Paragenese der porösen Zonen ist typisch K-arm und kann deshalb von den K-reichen Zeolithen palagonitischen Ursprungs, die häufig in MORB vorkommen, unterschieden werden.
    Notes: Summary Detailed micromorphological studies show that zeolites, i.e., mesolite, cowlesite, mordenite and ferrierite, that precipitated exclusively in porous zones, are an important constituent of mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). Such porous zones may result from hydroexpansive fragmentation processes operating during the eruption of the lava under water. Hydroexpansion structures and their secondary mineral assemblages in sea-floor basalts may be significant in the early alteration history of MORB. However, the original volume of these structures is difficult to assess owing to overprinting by subsequent alteration processes. The zeolite assemblage of porous zones is typically K-poor and may therefore be distinguished from the K-rich zeolites of palagonitic origin commonly found in MORB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sediment facies ; sediment geochemistry ; sedimentation ; cores ; tephra stratigraphy ; hydrothermal activity ; paleolimnology ; New Zealand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Rotoiti in Taupo Volcanic Zone was formed by damming of the drainage system through the floor of Okataina Caldera. Basin sediments are predominantly silt or sand, with mineralogy consistent with derivation from local silicic rocks and airfall tephras. Sandy lithofacies around the shoreline are wave worked deposits. Sand and gravel lithofacies in deeper water and on steep slopes are largely relict or airfall tephras, or both. Profundal sediments are diatomaceous silts. Organic-rich diatomaceous silts also accumulate in near-shore wave-damped zones under weed beds. Short cores penetrated the Tarawera (1886 AD) and Kaharoa (1180 AD) Tephras, identified by their stratigraphic position, geochemistry and mineralogy. Localised slumping is evidenced from secondary tephras interbedded and redeposited within the basin silts. Sedimentation rates in the basins, estimated from the age of bounding tephras, are 0.9 to 4.0 mm y-1, and are highest under the influence of inflowing water from adjacent Lake Rotorua. For several hundred years prior to the Tarawera eruption sediment accumulation rates and the sediment geochemistry remained unchanged; deposition was predominantly biogenic opaline silica with a small terrestrial component. The Tarawera eruption deposited a terrestrial-silica, aluminum-rich primary tephra across the lake, which was followed by reworked tephra from within the catchment, the effects of which were progressively diluted by biogenic opaline silica as conditions stabilised. While the major effects of the eruption have been rapidly absorbed the lake has not returned to pre-eruption background conditions. A new equilibrium has been attained in which Tarawera Tephra continues to be eroded into the lake and is the principal source for a doubling of sedimentation rates following the eruption. High arsenic levels in some diatomaceous silts are attributed to episodic venting of hydrothermal fluids or gases into the water column.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: volcanology ; hotspot ; Pacific ; Macdonald ; petrology ; Austral Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The southeastern extension of the Austral Islands volcanic chain terminates near 29°S, 140°W at the active Macdonald Seamount. The ‘hotspot’ region near Macdonald consists of at least five other volcanic edifices each more than 500 m high, included in an area about 50–100 km in diameter. On the basis of the sea-floor topography, the southeastern limit of the hotspot area is located about 20 km east of the base of Macdonald, where it is defined by the 3950 m isobath. At the edge of the hotspot area, there is a marked deepening of the seafloor from c.3900 m down to 4000–4300 m. The deeper sea-floor is faulted and heavily sedimented. The Macdonald volcano itself stands 3760 m above the surrounding seafloor, and has a basal diameter of 45 km. Its summit in January 1987 was 39 m below sea level, and it seems likely that Macdonald will emerge at the surface in the near future. Recent (March and November 1986) phreatic explosions on Macdonald Seamount erupted fragments of ultramafic and mafic plutonic blocks together with basic lapilli (volcaniclastic sand). The plutonic blocks have been variably altered and metamorphosed, and in some cases show signs of mineralisation (disseminated sulphides). The blocks presumably come from deeper levels in the volcanic system. The volcanics so far dredged from Macdonald consist of olivine and clinopyroxene cumulus-enriched basalts, evolved basalts, and mugearite. On the basis of incompatible element variations, simple crystal fractionation seems to be controlling the chemical evolution of Macdonald magmas.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 64 (1998), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Pitcairn Hotspot, ca. 60 km östlich von der Insel Pitcairn, besteht aus mehreren noch aktiven Vulkanen, die bis zu 500m unter dem Meeresspiegel aufragen. Die Hotspot Gesteinsproben können vier Vulkanittypen zugeordnet werden: (1) Pikritbasalt mit Ti-reichem Chromit (8–10 Gew.% TiO2); (2) Alkalibasalt (Ti-reicher Chromit, 4–6 Gew.% TiO2); (3) Trachyandesit mit Titanomagnetit (18–22 Gew.% TiO2); und Sulfiden sowie (4) Trachyt (Titanomagnetit, 19–23 Gew.% TiO2); Die Metalloxyde haben, verbunden mit abnehmendem TiO2-Gehalt, einen Zonarbau vom Kern zum Rand. Eine Kristallfraktionierung (〈 60 %) ist Hauptursache für die Differenzierung der vier Vulkanittypen aus einer angereicherten Magmenquelle. Pyrrhotit und sehr wening Chalkopyrit als Kontaktphase zum Pyrrhotit sind nur im Trachyandesit (3) in Clustern mit idiomorphen Kristalleinsprenglingen im Kontakt mit Titanomagnetit gefunden worden. Weiterhin bedecken große idiomorphe Pyrrhotit plättchen, davon einige mit hexagonalem Habitus, die Wände der Gasblasen. Die Variationsbreite des Fe/S aller Pyrrhotite ist mit 0,90-0,99 gering. Die Pyrrhotite in den Clustern sind früher als oder gleichzeitig mit Titanomagnetit im Magmenreservoir während der Kristall-Schmelze Fraktionierung auskristallisiert. Die spät gebildeten Pyrrhotite in den Gasblasen sind durch einen Diffusionsprozeß von Fe aus der trachyandesitischen Schmelze entstanden. Eisen diffundierte aus der glasigen Grundmasse in die Hohlräume und reagierte dort mit Schwefel, der als volatiler Bestandteil vorlag.
    Notes: Summary The Pitcairn hotspot, located about 60 km east of Pitcairn Island (South Pacific), consists of several active volcanoes 〈 500 m below sea level. The volcanic rocks from these seamounts are classified in four main rock-types: (1) picritic basalt containing Ti-bearing chromite (8–10 wt.% TiO2); (2) alkali basalt (Ti-bearing chromite with 4–6 wt.% TiO2); (3) trachyandesite containing titanomagnetite (18–22 wt.% TiO2); and sulfides, and (4) trachyte (titanomagnetite with 19–23 wt.% TiO2); The metallic oxides are zoned with decreasing Tîl02 contents from core to rim. Crystal fractionation (〉 60%) is the main process responsible for differentiating these rock-types from an enriched source. Pyrrhotite and rare chalcopyrite grains in contact with pyrrhotite are observed only in the trachyandesite (3) in disseminated phenocryst clusters, usually in contact with large euhedral titanomagnetite phenocrysts. In addition, large euhedral pyrrhotite flakes, some with hexagonal habit, coat the walls of vesicles. All these pyrrhotite grains show a small range in Fe/S (0.90–0.99). The pyrrhotite in clusters precipitated earlier or simultaneously with titanomagnetite in a magmatic reservoir during crystal-liquid fractionation. Late precipitated vesicle pyrrhotite was formed by diffusion of Fe from the trachyandesitic liquid after the formation of the vesicles. Iron diffused from the glassy groundmass into the vesicle and reacted there with sulfur-bearing volatiles.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 73 (1984), S. 1055-1080 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The mineralogy and composition of sediments and manganese micronodules from the northern and central sectors of the Peru Basin are discussed. Because of the proximity of the basin to the Carbonate Compensation Depth (C.C.D.), surface sediments vary between calcareous oozes and siliceous muds. Besides biogenic components clay minerals are important. By far the most abundant clay mineral is smectite which is thought to be of diagenetic origin. On a carbonate-free basis, the surface sediments are rather uniform in composition throughout the basin and are similar in composition to those of the equatorial Pacific. Sedimentation rates for the uppermost core sections are in the range of 3 to 5 mm/ 1000 yr. Micronodule compositions show significant variations related to the size class of the micronodules and the depth of occurrence within the sediment column. In general, the chemistry of the micronodules can be explained by the reductive mobilization of Mn within the sediment column and by oxic diagenetic reactions between ferromanganese hydroxides and biogenic opal. The dominant mineral phase is todorokite.
    Abstract: Résumé Cette note décrit la minéralogie et la composition des sédiments et des nodules polymétalliques de la partie septentrionale et centrale du bassin de Perou. Les sédiments de surface consistent en dépôts calcaires ou siliceux selon leur situation par rapport à la profondeur de compensation des carbonates (C. C. D.). A côté des composants biogènes, des minéraux argileux (smectites, illites) sont présents en quantité importante. Le minéral argileux le plus fréquent est une smectite diagenétique. La composition chimique de la fraction non carbonatée des sédiments est uniforme, comparable au chimisme de ceux du Pacifique central. Dans les couches les plus élevées, la vitesse de sédimentation, basée sur des datations par230Th, est de 3 à 5 mm/1000 ans. Le chimisme des micronodules polymétalliques est très variable et dépend de leur profondeur dans le sédiment et de leur dimension. Le chimisme est déterminé par des processus de remobilisation en conditions réductrices dans la colonne sêdimentaire, ainsi que par des réactions diagénétiques entre les hydroxydes de Fe-Mn et l'opale biogène. Le minéral dominant est la todorokite.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mineralogie und chemische Zusammensetzung von Sedimenten und Manganmikroknollen aus dem nördlichen und zentralen Teil des Peru-Beckens werden beschrieben. Die Oberflächensedimente bestehen je nach der Lage zur Karbonatkompensationstiefe (C.C.D.) aus karbonatischen bzw. kieseligen Ablagerungen. Neben den biogenen Komponenten sind Tonmineralien (Smektit, Illit) von Bedeutung. Das häufigste Tonmineral ist diagenetisch gebildeter Smektit. Auf karbonatfreier Basis ist die chemische Zusammensetzung der Sedimente sehr einheitlich, vergleichbar mit dem Chemismus zentralpazifischer Sedimente.230Th-Datierungen ergeben eine Sedimentationsrate von 3–5 mm/1000 a für die obersten Sedimentschichten. In Abhängigkeit von der Korngrößenklasse und der Tiefe in der Sedimentsäule zeigen die Manganmikroknollen große Schwankungen im Chemismus. Remobilisationsprozesse unter reduzierenden Bedingungen in der Sedimentsäule sowie die diagenetischen Reaktionen zwischen Fe-Mn-Hydroxiden und biogenem Opal bestimmen die chemische Zusammensetzung der Manganmikroknollen. Die vorherrschende Mineralphase ist Todorokit.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 82 (1993), S. 663-666 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Carbonate cements ; Pobitite Kamani, Bulgaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Precipitation of carbonate cements in the Pobitite Kamani area (Lower Eocene) began during early diagenesis of sediments. There is evidence, however, that calcite is still forming today. The negative δ13C values to −29.2‰ suggest that the carbonate formed during degradation of 12C-enriched organic matter (perhaps partly from oxidation of methane). The δ18O values of −0.9 to −1.6‰ reflect the marine origin of the early diagenetic carbonate cements. Most of the carbonates, however, formed during late diagenesis (at approximately 1300 m burial depth) and/or recently (after uplift) from percolating groundwaters. These carbonates have an isotopic composition characteristic of carbonates which precipitated from meteoric waters under normal sedimentary temperatures in isotopic equilibrium with 12C-enriched soil carbon dioxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 33 (1984), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Manganmikroknollen aus 7 verschiedenen Gebieten des Pazifischen Ozeans werden untersucht und miteinander verglichen. In Abhängigkeit von der Sedimentfazies lassen sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit, der Morphologie und inneren Struktur sowie in der Mineralogie und chemischen Zusammensetzung der Mikroknollen beobachten. Die Menge an Manganmikroknollen im Sediment scheint umgekehrt proportional der Sedimentationsrate zu sein. Höchste Gehalte an Mikroknollen finden sich in extrem langsam abgelagerten braunen pelagischen Tonen (z.B. Südwest-Pazifisches Becken). Die Morphologie und die innere Struktur der Mikroknollen hängt entscheidend vom Nukleusmaterial (kieselige, kalkige Organismen, vulkanoklastisches Material) ab. Biogene Anreicherung, hydrogenetische und hydrothermale Metallzufuhr sowie diagenetische Mobilisationsprozesse bestimmen, ähnlich wie bei Manganmakroknollen, die Mineralogie und chemische Zusammensetzung der Manganmikroknollen, wobei diagenetische Prozesse von größter Bedeutung sind. Sie erklären die Unterschiede in der chemischen Zusammensetzung zwischen Mikro- und Makromanganknollen aus dem gleichen Untersuchungsgebiet. Diagenetische Mobilisierung von Mangan und anderen Elementen im Sediment bestimmt Verteilung und Chemismus der Mikroknollen in tieferen Sedimentschichten. Mikroknollen lassen sich nicht durch einen einfachen Bildungsprozeß erklären. Ihr Auftreten wird durch eine Reihe von Einflüssen wie Redoxpotential, Sedimentationsrate, Nukleusmaterial, biogene Anreicherungsprozesse, Diagenese und Tiefenwasserströmungen kontrolliert.
    Notes: Summary The abundance, morphology, internal structure, mineralogy and composition of manganese micronodules from seven areas in the equatorial and South-West Pacific have been evaluated and compared. Micronodule abundance appears to be inversely related to sedimentation rate with highest abundances occurring in dark brown clays where sedimentation rates are low. Morphology and internal structure are dependent on the nature of the seed material in which the micronodule forms, of which calcareous tests, siliceous tests and volcanoclastic material are the most important. SEM studies show quite marked variations in the external and internal characteristics of the micronodules from different areas. The mineralogy and composition of the micronodules tend to follow those of macronodules from the same location with biogenic processes leading to the formation of todorokite and high Ni + Cu contents in equatorial Pacific micronodules, for example. Nonetheless, significant differences are apparent in composition between micronodules and macronodules from the same location. Diagenetic processes lead to remobilization of manganese within the sediment column. This influences the distribution and composition of micronodules within the various sediment size fractions and with depth in the sediment column. The characteristics of the micronodules studied here are strongly influenced by the nature of the sedimentary environment in which they form. Micronodules are therefore seen not to have a uniform mode of formation but rather to reflect a variety of influences on their growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 338 (1996), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Development of an Automated Trace-Matrix Separation Technique for the Determination of Trace Metals in Pure Titanium and TitaniumdioxideThe determination of metal traces in pure titanium with ICP-AES or ICP-MS requires an effective trace-matrix separation technique to eliminate interferences. After digestion in HF and HNO3 the traces can be separated from the matrix using a cation exchanger column. A computer controlled pumping system is used for the automatic control of the procedure of preconcentration, elution and determination. The method requires a minimum of chemical manipulation and reduces the risk of contamination by using only subboiled acids. Recovery rates of more than 90% and high precision are obtained for 16 analytes. For most of the elements detection limits in the range of 1 to 10 ng/g titanium can be achieved.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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