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Chitin synthase III activity, but not the chitin ring, is required for remedial septa formation in budding yeast (2003)

Cabib, Enrico ; Schmidt, Martin

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

FEMS microbiology letters 224 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1574-6968

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Chitin is a minor but essential component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. In wild-type, chitin synthase II is required for the formation of primary septa and chitin synthase III (CSIII) is not essential. However, in chs2 mutants CSIII becomes essential for the formation of aberrant septa. We examined which of two CSIII functions, the formation of a chitin ring at bud emergence or of chitin in the remedial septa, was required for viability. By using cell cycle synchronization in combination with nikkomycin Z, a specific inhibitor of CSIII, we inhibited chitin synthesis in a chs2 mutant, during formation of either the ring or the remedial septa. The results show that only synthesis of the chitin during aberrant septa formation is essential for viability. Thus, the unique function of the chitin ring seems to be maintenance of the integrity of the mother–bud neck, as we recently found, and the importance of chitin in septum closure, both in normal and abnormal situations, is underlined.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00477-4

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Oppositional Children Differ from Healthy Children in Frontal Brain Activation (2000)

Baving, Lioba ; Laucht, Manfred ; Schmidt, Martin H.

Springer

Journal of abnormal child psychology 28 (2000), S. 267-275

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ISSN: 1573-2835

Keywords: Frontal brain asymmetry ; EEG ; oppositional defiant disorder ; children ; gender

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Psychology

Notes: Abstract An atypical EEG pattern of frontal brain activation, which has been found in children and adults with emotional disorders, also is hypothesized to be present in disruptive behavior disorders. One hundred nineteen children (4 $$\frac{1}{2}$$ and 8 years of age) were examined with regard to the following questions: (1) Do children who are diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) exhibit an atypical pattern of frontal brain activation? (2) Can this pattern be demonstrated in preschool children (4 $$\frac{1}{2}$$ years of age) as well as in school children (8 years)? (3) Are there gender differences in these patterns similar to those that have been demonstrated in adults? Spontaneous EEG activity was subjected to power spectral analysis. In oppositional preschool and elementary school girls, the well-known pattern of lower left frontal than right frontal activation emerged that has been found previously in emotionally disordered children. Healthy girls showed no frontal brain asymmetry at 4 $$\frac{1}{2}$$ years of age, and left frontal activation at 8 years. In contrast, healthy boys demonstrated a greater right than left frontal activation, whereas ODD boys did not display any frontal brain asymmetry. Thus, the pattern of frontal brain activation seems to be gender-specific. The atypical activation pattern in oppositional children is hypothesized to be a biological substrate of negative affective style.