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  • 11
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of five synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in soil, moss and fish tissue. These pyrethroids were extracted with hexane-dichloromethane by ultrasonication and cleaned up on Florisil (soil and moss) and mixed acid/base alumina (fish) columns prior to determination by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. All the pyrethroids were analyzed simultaneously in a single run on a DB5-MS 15 m capillary column. Recoveries of the pyrethroids from the three matrices at fortification levels of 10, 50 and 100 μg/kg ranged from 80 to 117%. Four determinations were made at each concentration level for each matrix. The practical determination limit of the method was in the range 0.5 to 5 μg/kg depending on the compound. This method was also applied to samples obtained from a contaminated ecosystem.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 17 (1979), S. 1153-1161 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To elucidate mechanisms in electroinitiated polymerization reactions a comparison was conducted between ultraviolet (UV) photoinitiation and electroinitiation of N-vinyl phthalimide with zinc chloride as a catalyst. Both methods give low yields of a complex polymer product. A detailed analysis, infrared (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), elemental, and molecular weight, conducted on the polymeric products, indicated that phthalimide ring opening was occurring and that complex mixtures of poly(N-vinyl phthalimide) derivatives were formed. Both initiation methods gave comparable results, which further indicated mechanistic similarity between photo-and electroinitiation in these donor-acceptor charge transfer polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1563-1571 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As part of a program to extend the range of donor-acceptor-initiated polymerization processes, the electroinitiation of 2-vinylnaphthalene in a zinc chloride-sulfolane solution has been studied. Good conversion yields of well-characterized (NMR, IR, GPC, elemental analysis) poly(vinylnaphthalene) were obtained with the process showing several mechanistic similarities to other donor-acceptor salt electropolymerization systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1555-1562 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrochemically initiated polymerization of styrene in methylene chloride solvent with the use of platinum electrodes and tetraalkyl and -aryl group VA halides (i.e., quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and arsonium compounds) as electrolyte has been investigated. The order of reactivity of the electrolytes with respect to polymerization rate and initiation efficiency was found to be: arsonium 〉 phosphonium 〉 ammonium. Mechanisms involving the electroreduction of the group VA quaternary halides to species capable of electroinitiating polymerization are postulated. The observed losses in solution conductivities during polymerization with the quaternary phosphonium and arsonium electrolytes indicate possible interaction between the initiating radical-ionic species and the supporting electrolyte. In an attempt to further elucidate the mechanism of initiation in these systems, a separate series of experiments, employing the nonpolymerizing monomer, 1,1-diphenylethylene, has been carried out.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2673-2684 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The zinc chloride-catalyzed polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene (VN) with both photoinitiation and electronitiation methods was examined. Good yields were obtained with both methods, the electroinitiated process being somewhat faster. The mechanism for polymerization initiation was investigated through a detailed comparison of the kinetics. Both initiation methods show a similar response to increasing input energy and to change in salt to monomer mole ratio. Both methods indicate formation of a ZnCl2-(2-VN)2 complex as intermediate with the formation of the species being rate-determining. These results, together with other similar investigations, are then used to deduce a mechanism that involves the formation of an electronically excited donor-acceptor complex. It is argued that in certain salt-stabilized, electron-delocalized, aromatic systems, such excitation is possible in electroinitiation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 17 (1979), S. 1411-1418 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electroinitiated polymerizations of styrene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, and 9-vinylanthracene were compared in sulfolane and acetone solvents in the presence of ZnCl2. The relative orders of polymerization rates and polymerization efficiencies, in both solvents, were 9-vinylanthracene 〉 2-vinylnaphthalene 〉 styrene, with faster rates and higher efficiencies occurring in sulfolane. Data obtained from viscosity and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) studies indicate that the molecular weights of the polymers produced in these systems are extremely low, 〈5000. Chemical composition and infrared (IR) spectral data suggest that abnormal transfer reactions (possibly from solvent) may be occurring in the electroinitiated 9-vinylanthracene polymerizations. The polymerization mechanism appears to be cationic in these monomer-solvent systems with ZnCl2.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 2449-2459 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The light-induced degradation of aqueous hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC; D.S. 1.9) solutions has been investigated under a variety of conditions. The HPMC was sensitized to short-wavelength radiation (〈500 nm) by the addition of sodium nitrite, the degradation being accompanied by increased acidity and the generation of oxides of nitrogen. Addition of eosin dye increased the sensitivity to visible light (〉500 nm), and the effect was considerably more pronounced when strong electron donors were added. Analysis of the shear-viscosity relationship of the solutions, during the degradation, indicated that both chain disentanglement and chain scission occurred but that the primary process was the depolymerization of the cellulose chain. It is proposed that both the dye- and nitrite-induced depolymerizations are a consequence of peroxide attack on the β-glucosidic ether link. The results indicate that, in the case of sodium nitrite addition, the peroxide was generated by the aqueous photolytic decomposition of the nitrite ion. The peroxide formation in the eosin - TEA system was a consequence of leuco-dye production, under the influence of the light, followed by the reduction of traces of dissolved oxygen by this activated dye.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 169 (1973), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die elektroinitiierte Polymerisation von N-Vinylcarbazol (VCZ) wurde in Aceton bei 25°C mit Zinkbromid als Katalysator unter Verwendung von Platinelektroden eingehend untersucht. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit erwies sich als direkt abhängig von der Stromstärke, der Zinkbromid-Konzentration und dem anfänglichen Wassergehalt des Solvens.Die Molekulargewichte der entstandenen Polymeren (1000-6000) sind unabhängig von der Stromstärke, der Zinkbromid-Konzentration und dem Umsetzungsgrad des Monomeren zum Polymeren, werden jedoch beeinflußt durch Wasser, die Monomerkonzentration und das Elektrodenmaterial. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Polymeren ändert sich nicht mit der Stromstärke, der Zinkbromid-Konzentration, dem Umsetzungsgrad und dem Elektrodenmaterial. Sie ändert sich jedoch ein wenig mit dem Wassergehalt des Acetons.
    Notes: The electroinitiated polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (VCZ) in acetone solvent at 25°C with zinc bromide, as catalyst, and platinum electrodes was investigated in detail. The polymerization rate was found to be directly dependent on current strength, zinc bromide concentration and the initial water content of the solvent.The molecular weights of the formed polymers (1000-6000) are independent of current strength, zinc bromide concentration and degree of conversion of monomer to polymer, but are affected by water, monomer concentration, and by the type of electrodes used. The chemical composition of the polymer is invariant with current strength, zinc bromide concentration, degree of conversion, and electrode material but does vary slightly with the water content of acetone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 3253-3265 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparative analysis of photoinitiation and electroinitiation can help elucidate initiation processes in donor-acceptor charge-transfer copolymerization. The technique has been applied to the zinc bromide-catalyzed copolymerization of styrene and diethyl fumarate in methanol. The photocopolymer product was analyzed by GPC, NMR, and elemental analysis. The results showed that 1:1 copolymers were formed initially, but changes occurred in both the kinetics and products after the early stages of the reaction. Significant correlations found between the two initiation methods included the initial kinetic order with respect to the initiating process and the effect on product yield of equivalent increases in total initiation energy. The limiting value of zinc bromide for both initiation methods was found to be the same. The data obtained support the contention that the copolymerization proceeds through a donor-acceptor process and that photoactivation of the preformed complex, inducing electron transfer, is a likely initiation process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 3267-3277 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electroinitiated preparation of equimolar copolymers of styrene and diethyl fumarate is described. The reaction medium consisted of these monomers dissolved in a methanol-zinc bromide solution. Rates of polymerization increased with increasing applied current and the copolymer yield increased linearly with the total number of Faradays transferred. The copolymer composition is 1:1 and is essentially invariant with the degree of conversion (〈15%), electroinitiation rate, and monomer feed ratios. A reaction mechanism involving donor-acceptor complexes and electroinitiated excitation of these complexes at the electrode is postulated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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