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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The innermost cell layer of the outer root sheath in anagen hair follicle: Light and electron microscopic study (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1986), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Innermost cell layer ; Outer root sheath ; Anagen hair follicle ; Keratinization ; Light and electron microscopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate cell differentiation in the outer root sheath (ORS) of the human anagen hair follicle, scalp skin specimens from individuals with normal hair were examined using light and electron microscopes. In the bulbar portion, the ORS was composed of two cell layers. The cells in the outer layer gradually increased in number upwards and finally underwent so-called trichilemmal keratinization, which proceeded toward the hair canal. On the other hand, the inner cells in the bulb formed a single cell layer along the outside of Henle's layer during cell differentiation; this unique layer was referred to as the innermost cell (IMC) layer of the ORS. With the use of hematoxylin and eosin stain, at the suprabulbar portion, where Henle's cells were keratinizing, an eosinophilic substance was deposited in the inner (Henle's) side of the IMC cytoplasm. The IMCs gradually became entirely eosinophilic and often produced keratohyaline granules. Ultrastructurally, the IMCs of the ORS showed an oblong shape forming a regularly arranged single-cell layer along the keratinizing Henle's layer and accumulated tonofilaments in the cytoplasm. They produced a few small electron-dense keratohyaline granules and were keratinized at the level at which Henle's layer still preserved its cell structure. From these findings, it is suggested that there are two types of keratinization of the ORS: trichilemmal keratinization and IMC keratinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417531
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenesis of pili annulati (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 280 (1988), S. 308-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Pili annulati ; Ultrastructure ; DACM staining ; Hair cortex ; Protein metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plucked scalp hairs and hair roots of pili annulati were examined to understand their pathogenesis. Stereoscopic examinations of hairs in transmitted light and/or reflected light and light microscopic surveys of the cross-sections of hairs confirmed that the cortical empty spaces appeared to be responsible to the unique dotted shiny appearance of the hairs seen by the unaided eyes under a refracted light. By transmission electron microscope, small vacuoles and dense bodies were observed in the cytoplasm of the differentiating cortical cells; subsequently, with increasing number of tonofilaments, an uneven distribution of free ribosomes occurred and abnormal spaces containing fine granular substances were formed in the cytoplasm of the cortical cells. Occasionally, extremely large cortical trichohyaline granules were found. In the keratinized hair, irregular empty spaces were present in the cortex of the abnormal hair segments. Histochemically, the keratinized cortex of the affected hairs always had more residual SH groups than the controls. Pili annulati may be a disorder of protein metabolism involving a partial dysfunction of cytoplasmic ribosomes, resulting in a lack of cortical keratin formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440605
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histopathogenesis of inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal naevus: histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 283 (1991), S. 491-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Inflammatory linear epidermal naevus ; Keratinization ; DACM ; Involucrin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin lesions of three patients with inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal naevus (ILVEN) were examined. Histologically, orthokeratosis and parakeratosis were alternately seen in the acanthotic epidermis. By N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide staining, the horny cells in the parakeratotic epidermis showed a cytoplasmic SH pattern and a weak membranous SS pattern. The orthokeratotic epidermis revealed an increased involucrin expression, whereas the parakeratotic epidermis showed almost no involucrin expression. Ultrastructurally, in the parakeratotic epidermis, the living keratinocytes had prominent Golgi apparatuses and vesicles in the cytoplasm. In the intercellular spaces in the upper spinous layer through to the lower horny layer, an electron dense, homogeneous substance was deposited. The cytoplasm of the horny cells was filled with keratin filaments and contained remnants of nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane structures, and some lipid droplets. The marginal band formation was incomplete. Most of these ultrastructural abnormalities were not found in the orthokeratotic epidermis. There are both similarities and differences in histopathogenesis of the parakeratotic epidermis between ILVEN and psoriasis. A unique finding was the lack of involucrin expression in the ILVEN parakeratotic epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371921
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified determination of serum cholesterol sulfate by gas-liquid chromatography combined with cyclohexylsilane-bonded phase column purification (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Cholesterol sulfate ; Gas-liquid chromatography ; Cyclohexylsilane-bonded phase column ; Recessive X-linked ichthyosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of cholesterol sulfate (CS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) for a biochemical diagnosis of recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI) is described. Although the GLC method for determination of CS is known to be more sensitive than the thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method, the former method has not been widely employed because of its complicated pre-purification steps. The present method allows us to measure the serum levels of CS and DHEAS without tedious purification steps such as multiple conventional column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. Sulfated steroids are rapidly purified with a commercially available mini disposable cyclohexylsilane-bonded phase (CH) column, CH BOND ELUT, and the purified steroids after desulfation are converted to water-resistant tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivatives for the GLC analysis on dual 2 m glass columns packed with 2% XE-60 on Chromosorb W. By the present method, serum CS concentrations in RXLI patients were shown to be about 10 times higher than those in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris, carriers of RXLI, and healthy subjects. This method is more suitable not only for a biochemical diagnosis of RXLI but also for studies on the metabolism of sulfated steroids than the previous time-consuming GLC methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455327
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory interaction between the vestibulo-ocular reflexes arising from semicircular canals of rabbits (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular ; Oculomotor ; Canal ; Inhibition ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anesthetized albino rabbits, electric pulse stimulation was applied to ampullary branches of the vestibular nerve. Reflex discharges evoked from a canal in an extraocular muscle were depressed very effectively by conditioning stimulation at a certain other canal. The present systematic survey revealed that this reflex depression occurred specifically in 3 combinations of conditioning and testing canals; 1. anterior and posterior canals of the same side; 2. anterior and posterior canals of the opposite sides; and 3. horizontal canals of the two sides. Occurrence of postsynaptic inhibition in oculomotor neurons, on the other hand, was indicated by appearance of slow muscle potentials in extraocular muscles. It was confirmed that this motoneuronal inhibition did not contribute to the reflex depression in the above combination (1). Even in combinations (2) and (3), the accompanying motoneuronal inhibition was eliminated by adjusting intensities of canal stimuli or by severing its pathway in the medulla, or it was discriminated from the reflex depression by their different latencies and time courses. Hence, it was concluded that the reflex depression was attributable, at least largely, to non-motoneuronal inhibition, presumably postsynaptic inhibition at relay neurons for vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Slow muscle potentials evoked from a canal were also used as testing responses, but their depression could not be detected after conditioning at other canals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235251
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postsynaptic influences on the vestibular non-deiters nuclei from primary vestibular nerve (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 190-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular ; EPSP ; IPSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurones in the descending, medial and superior vestibular nuclei of the cats were explored with intracellular microelectrodes. Cerebellar- and spinal-projecting neurones were identified by their antidromic invasion from the region of fastigial nuclei and from the second cervical segment, respectively, and the others by their location. The central actions of the primary vestibular impulses upon these non-Deiters vestibular nuclei neurones were investigated by using electric stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Many of these cells received excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) monosynaptically, similar to those evoked in the ventral Deiters neurones, as described elsewhere, except that the unitary EPSPs are often larger. Some cells received only polysynaptic EPSPs or IPSPs and a few cells were not influenced at all.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234539
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacological properties of the postsynaptic inhibition by Purkinje cell axons and the action of γ-aminobutyric acid on Deiters neurones (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1967), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Purkinje cells ; Deiters neurones ; Inhibitory synapses ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1.Various drugs were applied intravenously or into the fourth ventricle and their effects upon the inhibition exerted by Purkinje cell axons were appraised by both extra- and intracellular recording from Deiters neurones. Strychnine, picrotoxin, pentamethylenetetrazol, β-methyl-β-ethylglutarimide, noradrenaline, dopamine, dibenamine and nethalide did not affect this inhibition. 2.γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inhibitors of GABA transaminase were applied iontophoretically into the vicinity of Deiters neurones through an outer barrel of coaxial electrodes, the effects being observed either intra- or extracellularly through an inner barrel. 3. GABA depressed both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials and often blocked the spike potentials, while it increased the membrane conductance. 4. GABA also produced a membrane hyperpolarization of 3–8 mV. Concomitantly both the spike potential and after-depolarization increased in amplitude and the after-hyperpolarization decreased. 5. In a few cases hydroxylamine but not amino-oxyacetic acid potentiated the inhibition, there being an increase in the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials thereby induced. 6. These effects were considered in connection with the possibility that GABA acts as a natural transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235216
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific effects of unilateral lesions in the flocculus upon eye movements in albino rabbits (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 45 (1982), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gerebellum ; Flocculus ; Eye movement ; Kainic acid ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) were examined in alert albino rabbits following unilateral flocculectomy. Chemical flocculectomy with local application of kainic acid was used to avoid the retrograde degeneration of inferior olive neurons that accompanies surgical flocculectomy. Effects of chemical flocculectomy, however, were identical to those of surgical flocculectomy. The following functional deficiencies were observed in the movements of the ipsilateral eye: (1) reduction of the HVOR gain; (2) increased lag of the HVOR phase; (3) increased non-linearity of the relationship between the HVOR gain and the amplitude of turntable rotation; (4) decreased OKR gain; (5) delay with increased variation in the OKR phase; (6) impairment of rapid visual-vestibular interaction; (7) loss of the adaptation of the HVOR. Only a transient depression of the HVOR gain was seen in the contralateral eye. Control experiments with lesions in the paraflocculus, nodulus, and uvula, or lobules VI and VII, revealed no such deficiencies, except that lesions in the nodulus and uvula produced marked advancement of the HVOR phase. The effects of flocculectomy are consistent with present knowledge of both neuronal circuitry and activity of the rabbit flocculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235783
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic action of the fastigiobulbar impulses upon neurones in the medullary reticular formation and vestibular nuclei (1970)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Fastigial ; Reticular formation ; Vestibular nuclei ; PSP ; Disfacilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, the fastigial nucleus of cerebellum was stimulated with electric pulse currents, and the effects thereby induced were investigated by recording intracellularly from cells in the medullary reticular formation, the nucleus of Deiters and the descending vestibular nucleus. The early effect commonly seen in these cells was initiation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) with monosynaptic latencies from both sides of the fastigial nuclei. These EPSPs appeared to be produced in part by a kind of axon reflex through cerebellar afferent fibres, but a certain portion of them was ascribable to the crossed fastigiobulbar axons, as they were influenced by stimulation of the cerebellar cortex in the manner to be expected from the previous study on cerebellar nuclei. These EPSPs were followed by a sequence of a prolonged disfacilitatory hyperpolarization and a late facilitatory depolarization, which apparently reflected the inhibition and disinhibition, respectively, produced in fastigial neurones via Purkinje cell axons of the corticonuclear projection. Either EPSPs or IPSPs were also induced in both reticular and vestibular neurones through polysynaptic pathways in which the fastigiobulbar projection might have been involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234200
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones II. Temporal correlation between the trans-synaptic activation of Purkinje cells and the inhibition of Deiters neurones (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 350-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Inhibition ; Climbing fibre responses ; Inferior olive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular recording with microelectrodes has been employed to reveal the causal relationship between the trans-synaptic activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells and the postsynaptic inhibition of Deiters neurones. Cerebellar stimulation produced in Deiters neurones not only monosynaptic IPSPs with latency of 0.9–1.5 msec, but also the delayed IPSPs at 1.5–9 msec. Correspondng to the latter, Purkinje cells were found to be activated orthodromically with the characteristic climbing fibre responses (CFRs), the latency varying from 0.8 up to 10 msec. On the other hand, stimulation of the inferior olive first induced EPSPs in Deiters neurones, presumably monosynaptically, then with a short delay of less than a millisecond CRFs in Purkinje cells of the anterior lobe, which in turn were succeeded by IPSPs in Deiters neurones after a further delay of a millisecond. Spinal stimulation activated the inferior olive trans-synaptically and thereby produced CFRs in Purkinje cells and a sequence of EPSPs and IPSPs in Deiters neurones. Close correlation between these spinal-induced events in both neurone species was further indicated by the concurrence of their fluctuations in intensity, these fluctuations being characteristic of the spino-olivary transmission mechanism. These results strongly support the postulate that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in their action upon Deiters neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234780
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