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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 35 (1972), S. 143-156 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am sog. Spiegelkasten wird eine unbewußte (stufenweise) Adaptation an eine visuelle Seitwärtsverschiebung der rechten Hand der Vpn erzeugt. Vorher und mehrmals nachher wird sowohl im gleichen als auch einem speziellen neuen Umfeld die Auge-Hand-Koordination bei offenen und verschlossenen Augen und stets verdecktem Arm (= ohne visuelle Rückkopplung) für beide Hände gemessen. Die Untersuchung zeigte: 1. Der Adaptationseffekt überträgt sich in dem gleichen Umfeld nur zu einem sehr geringen Ausmaß auf die kontralaterale nicht adaptierte Hand. 2. Wenn die Verschiebungswerte der adaptierten rechten Hand im dritten Zieltest bereits wieder abnehmen, werden die Verschiebungswerte für die kontralaterale Hand gleichzeitig noch weiter gesteigert (fortgesetzter Transfer = Mitnehmer Effekt). 3. Die propriozeptive Lage eines visuell wahrgenommenen Zielpunktes ist bereits unter normalen Umständen für beide Hände signifikant unterschiedlich. Dieser Unterschied wird während der Adaptation beträchtlich verstärkt. 4. Eine längere zwischengeschaltete motorische Tätigkeit der adaptierten Hand mit normaler visueller Rückkopplung aber in einem anderen Umfeld vermag den Adaptationseffekt nicht zu löschen (gesonderter Speicher). 5. Die veränderte Hand-Auge-Koordination läßt sich auch in einer veränderten Situation mit anderer Armstellung in gleichem Ausmaß nachweisen, ebenso beim Zeigen auf erinnerte räumliche Ziele. Diese Befunde sprechen gegen die Hypothese einer veränderten „gefühlten Lage“ der adaptierten Hand. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit den Erwartungen aus anderen Experimenten der Literatur sowie dem von uns früher vorgeschlagenen Regelkreismodell diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Shifts in reaching for a visible target in part will transfer to the contralateral hand. The transfer has a continuous time deley, that is the shift in the not adapted hand will still rise while it is already declining in the adapted hand. An interpolated motorik activity of the (former adapted) hand with visual feedback but with another visual background will not interfere with the former established adaptation effect and is not able to extinguish it. The eye-hand koordination changed by visuomotor adaptation will be transferable with equal amount to a new target situation where the arm is to be kept in quite another position. The same is true for reaching for a remembered target. These results are contradictionary to the hypothesis of the change in the felt position of the adapted arm, instead they point more clearly to a Sollwert-shift in the central nervous feedback loop as discussed in earlier investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Intrinsic nerves ; isolated rat pancreas ; insulin ; somatostatin ; glucagon ; glucose ; adrenergic ; cholinergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the isolated rat pancreas the effect of intrapancreatic non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves was examined upon insulin, glucagon and somatostatin release during perturbations of perfusate glucose. Elevation of glucose from 1.6 to 8.3 mmol/l increased insulin and somatostatin secretion and inhibited glucagon release. The first phase of insulin secretion was significantly reduced by the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin to 55% of the controls (p〈0.05). The somatostatin response was attenuated by tetrodotoxin while the change of glucagon remained unaffected. In contrast the combined adrenergic and cholinergic blockade with atropine, phentolamine and propranolol (10−5mol/l) did not modify the insulin, glucagon and somatostatin response. When glucose was changed from 8.3 to 1.6 mmol/l, the reduction of insulin and somatostatin release was not modified by tetrodotoxin, but stimulation of glucagon was significantly attenuated by 60–70% (p〈0.03), which was similar to the effect of combined adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. Subsequently, the effect of neural blockade was examined during more physiological perturbations of perfusate glucose levels. When glucose was changed from 3.9 to 7.2 mmol/l, tetrodotoxin also attenuated first phase insulin response by 40% while cholinergic and adrenergic blockade had no effect. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-Nitro-l-arginine-methylester (l-NAME) did not alter the glucose-induced insulin response indicating that nitric oxide is not involved in this mechanism. It is concluded that neural non-adrenergic noncholinergic mechanisms contribute to the first, but not second phase of glucose-induced insulin release. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic effects do not participate in regulation of glucagon and somatostatin secretion under the conditions employed. The non-adrenergic non-cholinergic effect is most likely of peptidergic nature and remains to be examined in greater detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 609-616 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Haemoglobin degradation ; bilirubin formation ; heme oxygenase ; macrophages ; glucocorticoids ; Hämoglobinstoffwechsel ; Bilirubinbildung ; Hämoxygenase ; Makrophagen ; Glucocorticoide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter physiologischen Bedingungen wird das Häm des Hämoglobins zu Bilirubin IXα abgebaut. Die ausgeprägte Lipidlöslichkeit des ungebundenen Bilirubins kann zu einer intracellulären Anhäufung des Pigmentes mit toxischer Zellschädigung führen. Durch Bindung an Albumin und Konjugation mit Glucuronsäure wird eine Wasserlöslichkeit erreicht, die den Zugang des Bilirubins in das Zellinnere verhindert. Drei Viertel des täglich gebildeten Bilirubins (250–350 mg) entstammen dem Abbau gealterter Erythrocyten und ein Viertel dem Stoffwechsel des Myoglobins und der hämenthaltenden Enzyme. Kinetische Untersuchungen mit radioaktiven Isotopen lassen zwei deutlich trennbare Maxima der Bilirubinausscheidung erkennen: Eine frühe Spitze in den ersten Tagen („early-labeled peak“), die aus dem Katabolismus hämenthaltender Enzyme resultiert und eine späte Spitze, die den Abbau der Erythrocyten nach 120 Tagen Lebensdauer reflektiert. Das Häm wird durch die in den Mikrosomen lokalisierte Hämoxygenase zu Biliverdin und dieses durch die im Cytoplasma lösliche Biliverdinreduktase zu Bilirubin abgebaut. Als Organe des normalen Erythrocytenabbaus weisen die Milz, die Leber und das Knochenmark die höchste Hämoxygenaseaktivität auf. In vitro läßt sich der Abbau von Erythrocyten in peritonealen Makrophagen untersuchen. Nach Erythrophagocytose steigt die normalerweise sehr niedrige Hämoxygenaseaktivität steil an, wobei die Höhe der induzierten Enzymaktivität von der Menge der phagocytierten Erythrocyten und von einem ungestörten Glucosestoffwechsel abhängt. Glucocorticoide reduzieren den Glucosestoffwechsel in Makrophagen und bewirken eine Unterdrückung der Hämoxygenase-Induktion bei unbeeinträchtigter Erythrophagocytose. Die Blockierung der Enzyminduktion ist reversibel auf Grund einer steroid-antagonistischen Wirkung von Glucose kombiniert mit Insulin. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Senkung des Bilirubinspiegels bei den verschiedenen Formen des hepatogenen Ikterus unter Glucocorticoid-Therapie Ergebnis einer inhibierenden Wirkung des Steroids auf das induzierbare Hämoxygenase-System des retikuloendothelialen Systems ist.
    Notes: Summary Under physiologic conditions the heme moiety of haemoglobin is degraded to bilirubin IXα. The lipid solubility of unbound bilirubin may result in intracellular accumulation of the pigment resulting in potential cell toxicity. Binding of the pigment to albumin or conjugation with glucuronic acid or other sugar moieties renders bilirubin water soluble, which limits its penetration into cells and prevents cell damage. Three quarters of the daily formed bilirubin (250–350 mg) are derived from the catabolism of senescent erythrocytes and approximately one quarter from the turnover of heme-containing enzymes and myoglobin. Kinetic investigations using radioactive isotopes demonstrated two distinctly separate maxima of bilirubin formation: an “early-labeled peak” resulting from catabolism of heme-containing enzymes predominantly in the liver, and a late peak reflecting degradation of senescent erythrocytes at the end of their life span. Heme is converted to bilirubin by microsomal heme oxygenase and is further reduced to bilirubin by soluble biliverdin reductase. Heme oxygenase activity is most active in tissues that normally degrade erythrocytes, such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Degradation of erythrocytes has been investigated in peritoneal macrophages in vitro. After erythrophagocytosis, the initially low heme oxygenase activity rose steeply. The degree of enzyme induction is proportional to the amount of phagocytized erythrocytes and is critically dependent on unimpaired glucose metabolism. Glucocorticoids depress glucose metabolism in macrophages and prevent induction of heme oxygenase without interfering with erythrophagocytosis. Repression of enzyme induction is reversible by the steroid-antagonistic action of glucose combined with insulin. The possibility is considered that in various forms of hepatogenous jaundice, the fall of serum bilirubin after glucocorticoid therapy may be caused by suppression of heme oxygenase activity in the reticuloendothelial system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 4 (1971), S. 179-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Most of the studies devoted to the mechanism by which certain antibiotics increase the ion permeability ofbiological membranes have been carried out on artificialmodel systems. Undoubtedly one of the major reasons for this was that some of the most relevant biological membrane systems are of submicroscopic dimensions and thus inaccessible to the common electrochemical measuring techniques. This holds for the inner membrane systems of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and retinal rods. Since it is not trivial that a mechanism of action found for a model membrane works as well in a biological one with a much higher structural complexity, it seemed worth-while to study the mechanism of action of ionophorous antibiotics on the above-mentioned biological membranes. In this paper, a nonelectrochemical method for measuring both the voltage and the current across the inner chloroplast membrane (or thylakoid membrane) is established in extension of earlier work. This method is used to characterize the mode of action of valinomycin on the thylakoid membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words NFKB2 ; p52 ; p100
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  NFKB2 is a member of the NFKB/Rel gene family, which is known to be a pivotal regulator of the acute phase and immune responses. NF-κB2 is initially synthesized as a ∼100 000 M r protein which needs to be processed in order to bind DNA, either as homodimer or as heterodimer with other members of the NF-κB/Rel family. The unprocessed form of NF-κB2 acts as an IκB-like protein. Therefore, NF-κB2 has a dual function. In this report we describe the genomic structure, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of mouse NFKB2. Genomic clones were isolated, which span the entire gene of approximately 8.5 kilobases (kb) including 1.5 kb of the promoter region. Comparison to its human and avian homologues revealed a strong evolutionary conservation of the gene structure including the exon/intron borders, sequence, and position of the nuclear localization signal, the glycine-hinge region, and the ankyrin repeats. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, mouse NFKB2 was mapped to Chromosome (Chr) MMU 19C3-D2, which is homologous to human Chr 10q24, at which position the human NFKB2 was previously located. NFKB2 is ubiquitously expressed, highest in lymph nodes and thymus, underlining its role in the immune function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 22 (1976), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Vestibular habituation was investigated in 6 adult cats submitted to repetitive alternating velocity steps (160°/sec). The progressive change of the nystagmic response was examined by constructing the diagrams of the slow cumulative eye position and slow phase eye velocity; then it was quantified by evaluating some characteristic parameters of these diagrams. Both acquisition during the series of stimulations delivered in the same day and retention after a rest period of one or four days were clearly observed. The experimental results were explained in terms of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-cerebellar interaction. The validity of the model was assessed by the results of simulation experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 34 (1979), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) is that of cooperating with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in the task of image stabilization on the retina during head rotations in a stationary visual surround. Since the dynamics of VOR was already well established, it has been possible to make a broad estimation of what the dynamics of OKR should be in order to obtain the performances observed in normal subjects. A mathematical model of OKR has been presented, and the experimental results obtained by Raphan et al. (1977) in the monkey and by Collins et al. (1970) in man were used to validate the model and to obtain a precise estimation of its parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 43 (1982), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract After a brief description of the main anatomical structures subserving the oculomotor responses during combined vestibular and optokinetic stimulations, a mathematical model is presented. With respect to a previous model by Schmid et al. (1980), a more accurate definition of the roles of the neural mechanisms involved in oculomotor control in different conditions of visual-vestibular interaction is given. The model is proved to be able to predict not only oculomotor responses, but also single unit average responses in the vestibular nuclei and in the vestibulo-cerebellum. Experimental data available in the litterature on monkeys and cats are used for model validation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 23 (1976), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The predominance of anti-compensatory eye movements in vestibular nystagmus recorded during sinusoidal and post-rotational tests is interpreted in terms of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular system. Namely, a direct pathway between the vestibular nuclei and the saccadic mechanism is assumed. In the range of frequencies of natural head movements this pathway carries on a signal proportional to head angular velocity. Therefore, during active head movements the saccadic mechanism is forced to produce quick eye rotations in the direction of head movement and, thus, to cooperate in the task of picking up visual targets outside the visual field. During passive head movements giving rise to nystagmus the assumed pathway contributes to reduce the error in eye resetting due to the saccadic delay. Analytical considerations and simulation results seem to prove the adequacy of the proposed model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 47 (1983), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Oculomotor responses to combined optokinetic and vestibular stimulations in labyrinthine and cerebellar defective patients are discussed in terms of parametric changes in a model describing the interaction between the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the optokinetic reflex (OKR). By making a few reasonable hypotheses about model parameter variations in relation to the type of pathology, the experimental results obtained by several authors can correctly be predicted and explained by the model. The model can therefore be used to define a set of parameters giving an estimate of the state of the system subserving VOR-OKR interaction in the examined patients. The model is also shown to be a powerful tool to assess the validity and the diagnostic significance of the procedures used to test VOR-OKR interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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