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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Wine ; Oxygen isotopes ; Adulteration control ; Origin assignment ; European Union data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The application of oxygen isotope analysis to wine water (according to EU regulation no. 822/97) to determine a wine's origin, and check that it has not been adulterated is gaining increasing importance in both laboratories and industry. Using samples of Italian, French and German wines from the EU wine data bank (EU-DB), good agreement between the results from participating laboratories was demonstrated. Close correlations between the oxygen isotope contents of must and related wine water were found for samples from all countries. Based on the results of the δ18O values for EU-DB wines from 1991 to 1996 from Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors which are responsible for the variation of the oxygen isotope ratios of wine water. The examination of spiked samples demonstrated the usefulness of δ18O analysis for the detection of the watering down of wine. The possibility of origin assignment, preferably if the determination of the δ18O value by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed together with the determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content of wine ethanol by 2H-NMR and the measurement of δ13C values of ethanol by IRMS, is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 2H-Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 13C ; 18O-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; Glycerol ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The adulteration of wine with glycerol is considered to be a problem in European wine-producing countries. The latest control methods are mainly based on the detection of impurities from commercial products, but suffer from the raising efficiency of the purification processes. As there is little chance of being able to identify glycerol from different sources on the basis of a method which uses only one isotope, a multielement approach was tested. Glycerol from wine showed the lowest relative enrichment with D, mainly in position C-2, a relatively high 18O content, and very negative δ13C values, which significantly correlated with those of ethanol from the same wines. The isotopic data of glycerol samples from different sources were in agreement with those given by indices of origin (impurities). These data allowed us to identify the origin of these glycerol samples, i.e. whether they were produced industrially or synthesised by animals or plants. Glycerol of plant origin was most similar to glycerol found in wine. The combination of several isotopic data by discriminance analysis yielded clusters of data obtained from glycerol samples of similar origin. Taking into account the characteristics of possible mixtures, proof that wine has been adulterated depends on the origin and isotope levels of the added compound. This study showed that it is possible to prove that wine has been adulterated with glycerol from other sources when the latter is present at a concentration of 15% of the total glycerol content.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Supraspinatus muscle ; Anatomy ; MR imaging ; Fusiform muscle ; Straplike muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les coupes axiales d'épaule obtenues en IRM montrent une bande linéaire centrale à l'intérieur du m. supra-épineux, vide, qui ne semble pas représenter uniquement le tendon de ce muscle. En raison de l'importance du m. supraépineux dans les syndrômes douloureux de l'épaule, nous avons étudié l'architecture fibreuse de ce muscle, en comparant 30 imageries par résonnance magnétique nucléaire et 49 dissections cadavériques. Nous avons trouvé que le m. supra-épineux était composé de deux parties distinctes. La longueur moyenne de la partie ventrale est de 88 mm et celle de la partie dorsale de 106 mm. L'angle du tendon central qui est formé par les fibres des deux parties musculaires, fait 50° avec le plan frontal. Les deux parties musculaires agissent probablement différemment dans les mouvements du bras. Ces constatations semblent être importantes pour la physiopathologie des ruptures de la coiffe des rotateurs, qui sont principalement situées en avant, dans la partie ventrale du muscle et dans le tendon central excentrique.
    Notes: Summary Axial MR images of the shoulder joint reveal a central linear band within the supraspinatus muscle void of signal which seems not to represent the only tendon of this muscle. Due to the importance of the supraspinatus muscle for the painful impingement syndrome of the shoulder we studied the fibrous architecture of this muscle comparing 30 MR images and 49 cadaver dissections. We found the supraspinatus muscle to be composed of two distinct portions. The mean length of the ventral portion is 88 mm and of the dorsal portion 106 mm. The angle of the central tendon which is formed by fibers of both muscle portions relative to the frontal plane is 50°. Both muscle portions probably act differently in moving the arm. This finding seems to be important for the pathophysiology of rotator cuff tears which are mainly located anteriorly within the ventral muscle portion and the eccentric central tendon.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: 14C-labelled glipizide ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; metabolism ; protein-binding ; insulin concentration ; glucose determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peak serum concentrations are reached after about 2 h following oral administration of 5 mg radioactive glipizide, and in the case of intravenous administration of 1 mg radioactive substance they are reached immediately following the injection. The half-life amounts to 36 min (compartment 1) and 3.6 h (compartment 2) resp. The distribution volume of the substance is11, 100 ml. — 5 metabolites were detected in the urine; 2 of them remained unidentified; the same metabolites could partly be detected in the serum. — As regards the insulin levels, two peaks can be seen following oral as well as following intravenous administration; the first peak is reached after absorption or after the injection as the case may be, the second one is reached at midday postprandially. — Of the orally administered substance, the greatest share of total activity eliminated in the urine is observed during the first 24 h, 65.2% of the administered activity are renally eliminated during 48 h. The corresponding value for 120 h being 65.4% after oral and 64.8% after intravenous administration. — These data verify complete absorption following oral administration.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Smooth muscle-like cells ; Perivascular contractile sheath ; Nitric oxide synthase type I ; Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the human placenta, besides the fetal blood vessel system a second extravascular contractile system exists. It is localized in the chorionic plate and runs in a longitudinal direction and adjacent to fetal blood vessels into the stem villi, where it forms perivascular contractile sheaths. Characteristically, cells of the extravascular contractile system are extremely long and spindle-shaped and give rise to fine cell processes, by which they obviously contact each other or insert into the basement membrane of the trophoblast. They show immunoreactivity with desmin, vimentin, α-actin, myosin, nitric oxide synthase type I (brain form) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The ultrastructure suggests that cells of the extravascular contractile system are related to smooth muscle cells, including subpopulations with myofibroblastic features. In stem villi a few cells are nitric oxide synthase type I immunoreactive. These cells are thought to be specialized smooth-muscle-like cells of the extravascular contractile system or cells of the extravascular contractile system related to paraneurons that generate nitric oxide, which, in turn, may modulate the tone of perivascular contractile sheaths. The high dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity suggests that modulation of the extravascular contractile system may also occur by substance P.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 4 (1965), S. 402-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Histological examination of the brains of 258 premature and mature infants, who died in early childhood due to various diseases, showed lesions of the type of elective parenchymal necrosis in 38% of the cases. Sites of predilection were the cerebellar cortex and the Ammonshorn, less often cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, and inferior oliva. The areas known to be sensitive to oxygen deficiency, however, were rarely affected. These changes in cases of serious asphyxia are not found as often as in cases of serious traumatic birth injury. Therefore, it is not assumed that immature brain tissue is especially sensitive to general oxygen deficiency. This is in agreement with physiological, clinical and experimental findings. It is considered, however, that functional circulatory disturbances, expecially due to mechanical obstetrical influences on the skull and brain, are the most important pathogenetic factors. In this connection, an increased susceptibility of immature brain tissue to sustained vasomotoric reactions is probable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Histologische Untersuchungen an den Gehirnen von 258 früh- und reifgeborenen Kindern, die in der ersten frühkindlichen Lebensperiode im Gefolge verschiedenartiger Erkrankungen gestorben waren, ergaben in einer Häufigkeit von 38% Veränderungen vom Typ elektiver Parenchymnekrosen. Bevorzugt betroffen waren Kleinhirnrinde und Ammonshorn, seltener Großhirnrinde, Striatum, Thalamus und unterer Olivenkern. Die bekannten sauerstoffmangel-empfindlichen Kerngebiete zeigten sich dagegen nur sehr selten in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Aus diesem Grunde sowie im Hinblick auf die Tatsache, daß diese Veränderungen bei Kindern mit schweren Asphyxien wesentlich seltener gefunden wurden als bei Kindern mit geburtstraumatischen Hirnschädigungen, wird — im Einklang mit physiologischen, klinischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen — eine besondere Empfindlichkeit des unreifen Hirngewebes gegenübee allgemeinem Sauerstoffmangel nicht für wahrscheinlich erachtet. Es wird vielmehr angenommen, daß funktionelle, vor allem auf geburtsbedingte mechanische Einwirkungen auf Schädel und Gehirn zurückgehende vasomotorische Zirkulationsstörungen als ursächlich entscheidende Faktoren in Frage kommen. Im Zussammenhang damit wird eine erhöhte Neigung des unreifen Hirngewebes zu nachhaltigen vasomotorischen Reaktionen für wahrscheinlich gehalten.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 4 (1964), S. 46-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cortical contusions were produced by one time percussion-concussion. A blood brain barrier disorder was proved by intra-vital staining with Geigy-blue. Already a few minutes after traumatisation the contusions showed blue colour which regularly could be recognized up to two hours. As shown by the histological studies, the manifestation was independent of the occurrence of haemorrhages characteristic of the early stages of contusion. Therefore it is presumed that functional vascular disturbances play an important role in the genesis of cortical contusions. It is supposed that the cortical contusions represent a morphological intensity-variant of the traumatic cortical lesions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Vitalfärbung mit Geigyblau konnte in experimentell durch einmalige Perkussionserschütterung erzeugten Rindenkontusionsherden der Nachweis einer Bluthirnschrankenstörung geführt werden, die sich schon wenige Minuten nach der Gewalteinwirkung durch Blaufärbung des Kontusionsherdes zu erkennen gab und regelmäßig noch 2 Std später feststellbar war. Ihre Manifestation erfolgte, wie sich auf Grund histologischer Kontrolluntersuchungen ergab, unabhängig davon, ob in den Kontusionsherden die für das Frühstadium derselben charakteristischen Hämorrhagien vorhanden waren oder fehlten. Es wird daher nicht nur angenommen, daß funktionelle Durchblutungsstörungen bei der Entstehung der Rindenkontusionsherde die bestimmende Rolle spielen, sondern auch für wahrscheinlich gehalten, daß die Rindenkontusionsherde nur eine morphologische Intensitätsvariante traumatischer Hirnrindenschäden darstellen.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ratio of the smallest negative-inotropic dose to the smallestβ-adrenolytic dose was measured in Heart-Lung-Preparations of the 16 dogs with Propranolol (Dociton), MHIP (Kö 592), Prenylamine (Segontin) and Iproveratril (Isoptin). With Propranolol the ratio was 6,1:1, MHIP 4,9:1, Prenylamine 6,5:1, with Iproveratril on the contrary only 1,2:1. Due to the distinct individual effect of Iproveratril a specificβ-adrenolytic effect could not be seen in the Heart-Lung-Preparations of the dog. In small doses Prenylamine has a positive-inotropic and chronotropic effect. Such sympathomimetic properties cannot be shown with Propranolol and MHIP. Both these substances, even with marked negative-inotropic doses, do not influence the spontaneous frequency of the hearts. On 7 isolated hearts, the catecholamine stores of which had been depleted by pretreatment with Reserpin, all four drugs also showed a distinctly depressing effect on the myocardium. This effect is obviously independent of the specificβ-blocking effect. With quantities of Prenylamine, which correspond to the smallestβ-adrenolytic doses, an evident negative-inotropic and negative-chronotropic effect in the depleted hearts takes place. Iproveratril has a negative-inotropic effect with equal doses in the normal and depleted heart.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 23 Herz-Lungen-Präparaten von Hunden wird für Propranolol (Dociton®), MHIP (Kö 592), Prenylamin (Segontin®) und Iproveratril (Isoptin®) das Verhältnis der kleinsten negativ-inotropen zur kleinstenβ-adrenolytischen Dosis bestimmt. Es beträgt für Propranolol im Mittel 6,1 : 1, für MHIP 4,9:1, für Prenylamin 6,6:1 und für Iproveratril 1,2:1. Eine spezifischeβ-adrenolytische Wirkung des Iproveratrils kann am Herz-Lungen-Präparat des Hundes wegen der ausgeprägten Eigenwirkung nicht festgestellt werden. Prenylamin wirkt in kleinen Dosen positiv-inotrop. Solche sympathicomimetische Eigenschaften sind beim Propranolol und MHIP nicht nachweisbar. Beide Stoffe lassen auch in deutlich kardiodepressiv wirkenden Dosen die Spontanfrequenz des Herzens praktisch unbeeinflußt. Auch an katecholaminentspeicherten Herzen zeigen alle vier Pharmaka eine deutliche kontraktilitätsmindernde Wirkung. Dies ist also eine Eigenwirkung der Stoffe, die vom adrenolytischen Effekt unabhängig ist. Prenylamin hat in den Mengen, die den kleinsten adrenolytisch wirkenden Dosen entsprechen, am entspeicherten Herzen eine deutliche negativ-inotrope und negativ-chronotrope Wirkung. Iproveratril wirkt in gleicher Dosierung am normalen und entspeicherten Herzen depressiv.
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