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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age- but not caste-related regulation of abdominal mechanisms underlying the sting reflex of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 581-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Sting response ; Motor control ; Ventral nerve cord ; Maturation ; Caste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stinging behavior has been extensively studied in honey bees at the level of the individual, that is, in terms of stimuli that release stinging in adult bees, and in terms of integration of individual behavior into colony defense. Yet very little is known about the physiological basis for this behavior. Using an isolated abdominal preparation factors that influence peripheral control of the sting extension response are analyzed. Results show that: 1. Electromyogram activity released by severing the ventral nerve cord changed during the first few days of adult life but not later. Abdomens from older bees (nurses, guards, foragers) showed significantly higher EMG activity than newly emerged or 24 h-old bees. 2. The reflex “matured” over 5–7 days after emergence as an adult. 3. Younger bees (≤24h) had a lower threshold for initiating sting extension than older bees. However, the threshold for initiating the full sting response, i.e., extension and venom pumping, did not differ due to age. 4. Caste status was not correlated to any of the parameters of sting extension, indicating that any effect of caste on stinging behavior must arise in more anterior ganglia and/or in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217379
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in performance on a reversal learning test and division of labor in honey bee colonies (2000)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 3 (2000), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Proboscis extension reflex ; Associative learning ; Social insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the association between honey bee (Apis mellifera) division of labor and performance on an olfactory reversal-learning test. Manipulations of colony age structure and flight experience were used to test whether differences in performance are associated with age, current behavioral state, or flight experience. Nurse bees showed significantly faster rates of extinction to a learned odor than did foragers. This difference was associated primarily with differences in behavioral state, rather than age; it was seen when comparing nurses and foragers from typical colonies and normal-age nurses and precocious foragers from single-cohort colonies. Differences in extinction rate were not related to differences in flight experience; there was no difference between foragers and foraging-age bees denied flight experience. These results suggest that changes in learning and memory occur in association with division of labor. We speculate on the possible functional significance of the difference in extinction rate between nurses and foragers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710000068
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brood Odor Discrimination Abilities in Hygienic Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) Using Proboscis Extension Reflex Conditioning (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: hygienic behavior ; discrimination conditioning ; honey bees ; Apis Mellifera ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the effect of abnormal brood odors on the initiation or control of hygienic behavior in honey bees, we employed the associative learning paradigm, proboscis extension reflex conditioning. Bees from two genetic lines(hygienic and non-hygienic) were able to discriminate between high concentrations of two floral odors equally well. Differential discrimination abilities were observed between the two lines when healthy and diseased brood odors were used, with the bees from the hygienic line discriminating between the pair of brood odors better than the non-hygienic bees. These results suggest that hygienic behavior in individual bees is associated with the bees' responses to olfactory stimuli emanating from diseased brood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007767626594
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of sesquioxides on the availability of molybdenum toTrifolium subterraneum (1972)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 37 (1972), S. 649-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Freshly precipitated ferric and aluminium oxides were added separately to soil and their effects on the availability of both native and added molybdenum were determined using subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as the experimental plant. Both oxides lowered the molybdenum content of the clover and, although it had a smaller specific surface area, ferric oxide had a greater effect than aluminium oxide. In a parallel study with similarly treated soil, the amounts of molybdenum extracted by 0.01M CaCl2, 0.82M NaHCO3 andM NH4OAc were also lowered by both oxides, and ferric oxide again had the greater effect. Extraction with 0.275M NaHC2O4, as proposed elsewhere for assessing available molybdenum, did not show these differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01348522
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and bioassay of macrocyclic lactone sex pheromone of the halictine beeLasioglossum zephyrum (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1447-1456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lasioglossum zephyrum ; Halictidae ; Hymenoptera ; macrocyclic lactones ; sex pheromones ; kin recognition pheromones ; Dufour's gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The macrocyclic lactones found in the Dufour's gland of the halictine beeLasioglossum zephyrum are female sex pheromones. Octadecanolide, eicosanolide, docosanolide, and tetracosanolide, as well as monounsaturated homologs of each, are components of the Dufour's gland secretion of this species. Furthermore, a series of odd-carbon-numbered saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and isopentenyl docosanoate occur in extracts of the Dufour's gland and of whole females. Two different mixtures of all four synthetic lactones, and additionally a treatment consisting of the natural extract, elicit higher response levels than two of the lactones separately or either of the controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012144
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mandibular glands of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species ofMelipona (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1465-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melipona ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; mandibular glands ; 2-heptanol ; skatole ; nerol ; undecane ; alarm response ; stingless bees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Workers ofMelipona fasciata andM. interrupta triplaridis respond to their respective mandibular gland extracts with alarm recruitment and defensive behavior. Workers rapidly exit from the nest entrance, land on an intruding object, and bite with the mandibles while vibrating the flight muscles. These behaviors are accompanied by the release of the contents of the mandibular glands. Colonies of both species exhibited greater response to their own mandibular gland extracts than to those of other stingless bee species. Chemical analysis identified 2-heptanol as the major component in hexane extracts of each species. Undecane was a constituent of both species; skatole and nerol were identified only in extracts ofM. i. triplaridis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988512
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formic acid in caustic cephalic secretions of stingless bee,Oxytrigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1079-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; formic acid ; Oxytrigona ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; stingless bees ; mandibular glands ; Meliponinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cephalic extracts of two species in the stingless bee genusOxytrigona were analyzed. Extracts made in diethyl ether, and then derivatized with diphenyldiazomethane, revealed large quantities of formic acid, potentially a major defensive secretion of this stingless bee group. We additionally identify several hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and acetates. Novel diketones identified by others were detected in both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020539
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose metabolism in human gliomas: Correspondence ofin situ andin vitro metabolic rates and altered energy metabolism (1986)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 1 (1986), S. 279-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: energy metabolism ; glia ; gliomas ; positron emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The rates of disappearance of glucose from the medium of 13 human glioma-derived cell lines and one cultured of normal human cortical astrocytes were determined by ftuorometric techniques. High-grade glioma-derived cultures showed a range of glucose consumption between 1 and 5 nmol/min/mg protein. Normal astrocyte cultures and cultures derived from grades I–III gliomas had a glucose consumption rate of 2–3 nmol/min/mg protein. Seven high-grade glioma lines were derived from surgical samples taken from patients who had been scanned by18F-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron computed tomography. The rate of glucose consumption in these high-grade glioma-derived lines was close to the maximum local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglc) measuredin situ in the tumors from which the cultures were derived. In cultured glioma-derived lines, approximately one-half of the glucose consumed was recovered as lactate and pyruvate, suggesting a reliance of glioma cells on aerobic glycolysis. ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels were variable in the gliomaderived lines, and ATP was lower in the glioma-derived lines than in the normal astrocytes. Levels and regulation of glycogen differed significantly among the various glioma-derived cell lines. Glycogen content did not diminish as glucose was consumed, suggesting that glycogen utilization is not tightly regulated by the glucose metabolic rate. These results suggest that human glioma-derived cell cultures (1) adequately reflect the metabolic capacity of gliomasin situ and (2) are significantly altered in several aspects of their glycolytic metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999357
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formaldehydbestimmung (1909)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 48 (1909), S. 492-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01424972
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A lesion generator for controlled radio frequency lesions in stereotaxic surgery (1967)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 5 (1967), S. 571-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Après un rapide commentaire relatif aux exigences liées à l’obtention de lésions contrôlées dans les tissus cérébraux, on trouvera la description d’un appareil adéquat utilisant le chauffage induit à haute fréquence. Cet appareil offre de grandes possibilités d’intervention, ce qui le rend particulièrement apte à la recherche, et est muni d’un grand nombre de sécurités qui en font un appareil sans danger en dépit de toute fausse manoeuvre. On peut rapidement contrôler son bon fonctionnement à tout moment et sa maintenance est facilitée en cas d’urgence par l’emploi de circuits enfichables les dispersions dans ces caracteristiques électriques des différentes sondes sont compensées par des circuits de calibrage préetablis.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Betrachtung der Voraussetzungen zur Setzung kontrollierter Läsionen im Hirngewebe wird ein geeignetes Instrument beschrieben, das mit der Radiofrequenz-Erhitzungsmethode arbeitet. Das Instrument hat für Forschungszwecke geeignete Überwachungsmöglichkeiten und enthält Schutzschaltungen, die auch bei extrem unsachgemäßem Gebrauch Sicherheit gewährleisten. Die Kontrolle des Geräts kann im Saal schnell und leicht durchgeführt werden. Dringende Wartung wird durch Einschaltkreise ermöglicht. Änderungen der elektrischen Charakteristik verschiedener Sonden werden durch vorgegebene Eichkontrollen ausgeglichen.
    Notes: Abstract A short discussion of the requirements for the creation of controlled lesions in brain tissue is followed by a description of a suitable instrument using the radio frequency heating method. The instrument has monitoring facilities making it suitable for research, and incorporates protection circuits which make it safe under extreme conditions of misuse. Testing and checking are quickly and easily carried out in the theatre, and urgent maintenance is provided for by the use of plug-in circuits. Variations in the electrical characteristics of different probes are accommodated by preset calibration controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02474250
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