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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 82 (1993), S. 663-666 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Carbonate cements ; Pobitite Kamani, Bulgaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Precipitation of carbonate cements in the Pobitite Kamani area (Lower Eocene) began during early diagenesis of sediments. There is evidence, however, that calcite is still forming today. The negative δ13C values to −29.2‰ suggest that the carbonate formed during degradation of 12C-enriched organic matter (perhaps partly from oxidation of methane). The δ18O values of −0.9 to −1.6‰ reflect the marine origin of the early diagenetic carbonate cements. Most of the carbonates, however, formed during late diagenesis (at approximately 1300 m burial depth) and/or recently (after uplift) from percolating groundwaters. These carbonates have an isotopic composition characteristic of carbonates which precipitated from meteoric waters under normal sedimentary temperatures in isotopic equilibrium with 12C-enriched soil carbon dioxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 64 (1998), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Pitcairn Hotspot, ca. 60 km östlich von der Insel Pitcairn, besteht aus mehreren noch aktiven Vulkanen, die bis zu 500m unter dem Meeresspiegel aufragen. Die Hotspot Gesteinsproben können vier Vulkanittypen zugeordnet werden: (1) Pikritbasalt mit Ti-reichem Chromit (8–10 Gew.% TiO2); (2) Alkalibasalt (Ti-reicher Chromit, 4–6 Gew.% TiO2); (3) Trachyandesit mit Titanomagnetit (18–22 Gew.% TiO2); und Sulfiden sowie (4) Trachyt (Titanomagnetit, 19–23 Gew.% TiO2); Die Metalloxyde haben, verbunden mit abnehmendem TiO2-Gehalt, einen Zonarbau vom Kern zum Rand. Eine Kristallfraktionierung (〈 60 %) ist Hauptursache für die Differenzierung der vier Vulkanittypen aus einer angereicherten Magmenquelle. Pyrrhotit und sehr wening Chalkopyrit als Kontaktphase zum Pyrrhotit sind nur im Trachyandesit (3) in Clustern mit idiomorphen Kristalleinsprenglingen im Kontakt mit Titanomagnetit gefunden worden. Weiterhin bedecken große idiomorphe Pyrrhotit plättchen, davon einige mit hexagonalem Habitus, die Wände der Gasblasen. Die Variationsbreite des Fe/S aller Pyrrhotite ist mit 0,90-0,99 gering. Die Pyrrhotite in den Clustern sind früher als oder gleichzeitig mit Titanomagnetit im Magmenreservoir während der Kristall-Schmelze Fraktionierung auskristallisiert. Die spät gebildeten Pyrrhotite in den Gasblasen sind durch einen Diffusionsprozeß von Fe aus der trachyandesitischen Schmelze entstanden. Eisen diffundierte aus der glasigen Grundmasse in die Hohlräume und reagierte dort mit Schwefel, der als volatiler Bestandteil vorlag.
    Notes: Summary The Pitcairn hotspot, located about 60 km east of Pitcairn Island (South Pacific), consists of several active volcanoes 〈 500 m below sea level. The volcanic rocks from these seamounts are classified in four main rock-types: (1) picritic basalt containing Ti-bearing chromite (8–10 wt.% TiO2); (2) alkali basalt (Ti-bearing chromite with 4–6 wt.% TiO2); (3) trachyandesite containing titanomagnetite (18–22 wt.% TiO2); and sulfides, and (4) trachyte (titanomagnetite with 19–23 wt.% TiO2); The metallic oxides are zoned with decreasing Tîl02 contents from core to rim. Crystal fractionation (〉 60%) is the main process responsible for differentiating these rock-types from an enriched source. Pyrrhotite and rare chalcopyrite grains in contact with pyrrhotite are observed only in the trachyandesite (3) in disseminated phenocryst clusters, usually in contact with large euhedral titanomagnetite phenocrysts. In addition, large euhedral pyrrhotite flakes, some with hexagonal habit, coat the walls of vesicles. All these pyrrhotite grains show a small range in Fe/S (0.90–0.99). The pyrrhotite in clusters precipitated earlier or simultaneously with titanomagnetite in a magmatic reservoir during crystal-liquid fractionation. Late precipitated vesicle pyrrhotite was formed by diffusion of Fe from the trachyandesitic liquid after the formation of the vesicles. Iron diffused from the glassy groundmass into the vesicle and reacted there with sulfur-bearing volatiles.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 54 (1995), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Detaillierte mikromorphologische Studien haben gezeigt, daß Zeolithe, wie Mesolit, Cowlesit, Mordenit und Ferrierit, die ausschließlich in porösen Zonen gebildet werden, einen wichtigen Bestandteil von mittelozeanischen Rückenbasalten (MORB) darstellen. Derartige poröse Zonen dürften das Resultat hydroexpansiver Fragmentations-Prozesse sein, die während submariner Eruption der Laven stattfinden. Die Strukturen der Hydroexpansion und die sekundären Mineralvergesellschaftungen in den Meerboden-Basalten, scheinen in der frühen Alterationsgeschichte der MORB signifikant zu sein. Das ursprüngliche Volumen dieser Strukturen ist schwer abzuschätzen, da diese von subsequenten Alterationsprozessen überprägt sind. Die Zeolith-Paragenese der porösen Zonen ist typisch K-arm und kann deshalb von den K-reichen Zeolithen palagonitischen Ursprungs, die häufig in MORB vorkommen, unterschieden werden.
    Notes: Summary Detailed micromorphological studies show that zeolites, i.e., mesolite, cowlesite, mordenite and ferrierite, that precipitated exclusively in porous zones, are an important constituent of mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). Such porous zones may result from hydroexpansive fragmentation processes operating during the eruption of the lava under water. Hydroexpansion structures and their secondary mineral assemblages in sea-floor basalts may be significant in the early alteration history of MORB. However, the original volume of these structures is difficult to assess owing to overprinting by subsequent alteration processes. The zeolite assemblage of porous zones is typically K-poor and may therefore be distinguished from the K-rich zeolites of palagonitic origin commonly found in MORB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two submarine volcanoes (named Friday and Domingo) have been mapped and sampled to the west of the youngest island (Alexander Selkirk) in the Juan Fernandez chain, SE Pacific. Samples from the seamounts are fresh, highly vesicular olivine and plagioclase-phyric basanites. Their MgO contents lie between 7 and 4 wt.%. Major element variation trends, especially decreasing SiO2 with increasing MgO, cannot be explained by crystal fractionation, and suggest the influence of CO2 during partial melting. Highly incompatible element ratios in both Friday and Domingo magmas are identical, with the exception of ratios involving Th and Nb for which Domingo shows depletions. These depletions are coupled with depletions in Zr, Hf and Ca and enrichments in the heavy rare-earth elements and Al2O3. All these geochemical features can be explained if the Domingo magmas reacted with harzburgitic mantle materials during transit to the surface in a manner shown experimentally to occur during CO2-dominated kimberlite magmatism. The metasomatism results in the stabilisation of clinopyroxene, rutile and zircon which withhold the elements depleted at Domingo, and the breakdown of garnet which releases HREE and Al into the magmas. Magmas erupting from the large, more mature Friday edifice have traversed a mantle region already metasomatised during earlier stages of volcanism and so are not significantly modified during passage. The Juan Fernandez trace element patterns are similar to the low 87Sr/86Sr, high 143Nd/144Nd components in many Pacific hotspots and to the pattern suggested for recycled, altered, dehydrated oceanic crust, implying that such recycled crust is a common component in many hotspots. Isotopically, the Juan Fernandez magmas lie between the composition of prevalent mantle (PREMA) and HIMU.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geo-marine letters 2 (1982), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to outline a satisfactory general theory for the formation of Pacific deep-sea manganese nodules based on a consideration of the time of initiation of formation of the nodules, a mechanism of maintenance of the nodules at the sediment surface and the role of biological productivity of the surface waters in influencing nodule characteristics. Using this model, the principal physical, chemical and distributional features of the nodules and reasons for their differences on a regional scale in the Pacific can be interpreted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Réunion Island Explosive volcanism Subaerial pyroclastic deposits Marine ash layers Geochemistry Land–sea correlation Chronology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. The explosive activity of Réunion volcanoes since approximately 260 ka is investigated through detailed sedimentologic, isotopic, and geochemical analyses of three deep-sea marine cores. Twenty-four eruptions from Piton des Neiges and one from Piton de la Fournaise are identified. The marine stratigraphic record of ash layers is undisturbed, whereas corresponding tephra deposits on land may have disappeared or have been disturbed through erosion and volcano-tectonic processes. Consequently, the new data presented herein may be regarded as a reference sequence of the main explosive events of Réunion. In addition, the chronology based on δ18O stratigraphy offers continuous time constraints with respect to other isotopic methods used for dating lavas. Explosive events were more frequent during the period 180–150 ka. The comparison of major element composition and chronologic data between known explosive deposits on land and marine ash layers allows us to propose correlations between marine and land data. However, most of the marine ash layers do not yet have a recognized subaerial counterpart. For the main explosive events known on land, we propose the following succession: Sainte Suzanne formations, ≥257–240 ka; Dalle Soudée Formation, 218 ka; Salazie formations, two groups at 165–168 ka and 80–102 ka; Saint Gilles formations, 175 ka; Saint Louis formations, 158–161 ka; and Saint Pierre formations, 165–166 ka.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sediment facies ; sediment geochemistry ; sedimentation ; cores ; tephra stratigraphy ; hydrothermal activity ; paleolimnology ; New Zealand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Rotoiti in Taupo Volcanic Zone was formed by damming of the drainage system through the floor of Okataina Caldera. Basin sediments are predominantly silt or sand, with mineralogy consistent with derivation from local silicic rocks and airfall tephras. Sandy lithofacies around the shoreline are wave worked deposits. Sand and gravel lithofacies in deeper water and on steep slopes are largely relict or airfall tephras, or both. Profundal sediments are diatomaceous silts. Organic-rich diatomaceous silts also accumulate in near-shore wave-damped zones under weed beds. Short cores penetrated the Tarawera (1886 AD) and Kaharoa (1180 AD) Tephras, identified by their stratigraphic position, geochemistry and mineralogy. Localised slumping is evidenced from secondary tephras interbedded and redeposited within the basin silts. Sedimentation rates in the basins, estimated from the age of bounding tephras, are 0.9 to 4.0 mm y-1, and are highest under the influence of inflowing water from adjacent Lake Rotorua. For several hundred years prior to the Tarawera eruption sediment accumulation rates and the sediment geochemistry remained unchanged; deposition was predominantly biogenic opaline silica with a small terrestrial component. The Tarawera eruption deposited a terrestrial-silica, aluminum-rich primary tephra across the lake, which was followed by reworked tephra from within the catchment, the effects of which were progressively diluted by biogenic opaline silica as conditions stabilised. While the major effects of the eruption have been rapidly absorbed the lake has not returned to pre-eruption background conditions. A new equilibrium has been attained in which Tarawera Tephra continues to be eroded into the lake and is the principal source for a doubling of sedimentation rates following the eruption. High arsenic levels in some diatomaceous silts are attributed to episodic venting of hydrothermal fluids or gases into the water column.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: volcanology ; hotspot ; Pacific ; Macdonald ; petrology ; Austral Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The southeastern extension of the Austral Islands volcanic chain terminates near 29°S, 140°W at the active Macdonald Seamount. The ‘hotspot’ region near Macdonald consists of at least five other volcanic edifices each more than 500 m high, included in an area about 50–100 km in diameter. On the basis of the sea-floor topography, the southeastern limit of the hotspot area is located about 20 km east of the base of Macdonald, where it is defined by the 3950 m isobath. At the edge of the hotspot area, there is a marked deepening of the seafloor from c.3900 m down to 4000–4300 m. The deeper sea-floor is faulted and heavily sedimented. The Macdonald volcano itself stands 3760 m above the surrounding seafloor, and has a basal diameter of 45 km. Its summit in January 1987 was 39 m below sea level, and it seems likely that Macdonald will emerge at the surface in the near future. Recent (March and November 1986) phreatic explosions on Macdonald Seamount erupted fragments of ultramafic and mafic plutonic blocks together with basic lapilli (volcaniclastic sand). The plutonic blocks have been variably altered and metamorphosed, and in some cases show signs of mineralisation (disseminated sulphides). The blocks presumably come from deeper levels in the volcanic system. The volcanics so far dredged from Macdonald consist of olivine and clinopyroxene cumulus-enriched basalts, evolved basalts, and mugearite. On the basis of incompatible element variations, simple crystal fractionation seems to be controlling the chemical evolution of Macdonald magmas.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 338 (1996), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Development of an Automated Trace-Matrix Separation Technique for the Determination of Trace Metals in Pure Titanium and TitaniumdioxideThe determination of metal traces in pure titanium with ICP-AES or ICP-MS requires an effective trace-matrix separation technique to eliminate interferences. After digestion in HF and HNO3 the traces can be separated from the matrix using a cation exchanger column. A computer controlled pumping system is used for the automatic control of the procedure of preconcentration, elution and determination. The method requires a minimum of chemical manipulation and reduces the risk of contamination by using only subboiled acids. Recovery rates of more than 90% and high precision are obtained for 16 analytes. For most of the elements detection limits in the range of 1 to 10 ng/g titanium can be achieved.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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