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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble-column design for growth of fragile insect cells (1988)
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 3 (1988), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for the design of bubble-columns for growth of shear-sensitive insect cells is presented. The model is based on two assumptions. First, the loss of cell viability as a result of aeration is a first-order process. Second, a hypothetical volume X, in which all viable cells are killed, is associated with each air bubble during its lifetime. The model merely consists of an equation for k d, the first-order death-rate constant, and A min, the minimum specific surface area of the air bubbles to supply sufficient oxygen. In addition to X, the equation for k d contains the air flow F, the air-bubble diameter d b, the diameter D and the height H of the bubble column. This equation has been experimentally validated. Comparison of the equations for k d and A min shows that especially H is the key parameter to manipulate in bubble-column design in order to meet the demands set by A min and k d〈kg, the first-order growth-rate constant. It is concluded that net growth of cells is enhanced as size and height of the bubble column increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372858
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding and dispersion of Spodoptera exigua larvae and its relevance for control with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; beet armyworm ; Noctuidae ; larval behaviour ; glasshouse crops ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La consommation et la dispersion des chenilles de Spodoptera exigua sont examinées sur chrysanthèmes et tomates de serre. Les adults déposent les oeufs généralement au feuilles près du sol. Apres l'éclosion les chenilles graduellement se mouvent en haute dans les chrysanthèmes et consomment principalement les feuilles les plus hautes. Dans tomate, cependant, les chenilles s'alimentent principalement au feuilles près du sol. Pendant leur dévelopment les chenilles originaires d'une seule pond de 35 oeufs peuvent endommager environ go petits ou so hautes crysanthè mes. Jusqu'à la quatrième stade larvale les chenilles s'alimentent principalement avec le surface inférieure des feuilles, sans consommer l'épiderme supérieure. Les cinq stades larvales contribuent respectivement 0,1, 0,4, 4, 20 et 75% a la consommation totale des feuilles de chrysanthème. Les resultats des expériments sur la conduite larvale suggestent que les viruses de la polyédrose nucléaire doivent être appliqués préférablement sur la face inférieure des feuilles bas de chrysanthème et de tomate avant que les chenilles se développent a la troisième stade larvale. Quand les larves sur chrysanthèmes sont déja dans le troisième stade larvale, application du virus sur les feuilles plus haute probablement donnait des resultats optimal.
    Notes: Abstract On chrysanthemum crops the larvae of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae) moved upwards to the top of plants after hatching and predominantly fed on the upper foliage layers. On tomato, however, the larvae did not move upwards and mainly fed on the lower leaves. On chrysanthemums up to the fourth instar most feeding occurred at the underside of foliage while the upper-epidermis remained intact. Larvae dispersing from a single egg batch of 35 eggs damaged about 90 small and 50 tall chrysanthemum plants during their development. The successive larval stages contributed respectively 0.1, 0.4, 4, 20 and 75 percent to the total foliage consumption. The results indicated that the virus preferably should be applied to the lower leaves of tomatoes and chrysanthemums when young instars are present, but to the upper-middle and top leaves of chrysanthemums when the larvae are older than second instars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350377
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear polyhedrosis virus for control of Spodoptera exigua larvae on glasshouse crops (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; Spodoptera exigua ; beet armyworm ; biological control ; Noctuidae ; glasshouse crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les résultats d'applications d'un virus de la polyédrose nucléaire contre des populations de chenilles de Spodoptera exigua sont examinés dans des chrysanthèmes, gerberas, kalanchoës et tomates. Une dose de 1×108 PIBs/m2 résulte à 95–100% mortalité larvale dans tous les végétaux. L'effet sur chemilles de première et seconde stade larvale et sur chenilles de troisième et quatrième stade larvale était pareille. Malgré le niveau élevé du mortalité larvale les végéteaux étaient damagés sérieusement, particulièrement quand le virus était appliqué contre des chenilles de troisième et quatrième stade larvale. Comparée avec des pesticides chimiques, méthomyl et diflubenzuron, applications de virus résultent à un mortalité larvale plus haute. Le conclusion était que le virus est un candidat sérieus pour l'utilisation dans le lutte biologique contre les chenilles de S. exigua dans des serres en Pays Bas.
    Notes: Abstract the efficacy of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, SeNPV, for controlling larval populations of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) was studied in chrysanthemum, gerbera, kalanchoë and tomato crops in glasshouses. Applications of 1×108 PIBs/m2 on the various crops resulted in 95–100% larval mortality. Virus applications caused comparable levels of mortality in populations of early and late instar larvae. Reduction in feeding damage to the crops, however, was more pronounced when the larvae were early instars at the time of virus application. Single applications with the virus resulted in higher levels of larval mortality as double applications with 0.1% methomyl and diflubenzuron. The virus appears to be a potential control agent for the beet armyworm in Dutch glasshouses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350378
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses as biological control agents ofSpodoptera exigua [Lep.: Noctuidae] (1988)
    Springer
    BioControl 33 (1988), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; biological control ; identification ; biological activity ; Spodoptera exigua ; Virus à polyèdres nucléaires ; lutte biologique ; identification ; activité biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La virulence de 5 virus à polyèdres nucléaires à capside multiple (MNPV) contre les chenilles deSpodoptera exigua a été comparée. Trois NPV ont été isolés de chenilles mortes, trouvées dans des serres aux Pays-Bas. A partir des analyses de DNA par des enzymes de restriction il est conclu que ces 3 NPV sont apparentés aux MNPV deMamestra brassicae et sont nommés MbMNPV-NL80, MbMNPV-NL82 et MbNPV-NL83. Ces MNPVs ne sont pas apparentés au MNPV d'Autographa california (AcMNPV), ni à celui deS. exigua (SeMNPV). SeMNPV est environ 5 fois plus virulent contre les chenilles du 2e stade larvaire deS. exigua que les autres MNPV qui ont des activité biologiques comparables entre elles. Les DL-50 de SeMNPV, AcMNPV, MbMNPV-NL80, NL82 et NL83 sont 3, 18, 26, 14 et 17 polyèdres, respectivement. On en conclut que le SeMNPV est le meilleur candidat pour l'utilisation dans un programme de lutte biologique contreS. exigua dans des serres aux Pays-Bas.
    Notes: Abstract The virulence of 5 nuclear polyhedrosis viruses infectious for larvae of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua, was studied and their potential as biological control agents of this accidentally introduced pest in Dutch greenhouse crops is discussed. Three of the virus isolates were collected from deceased beet armyworm larvae found in Dutch greenhouses. Based on restriction endonuclease patterns of their DNA they appeared to be closely related toMamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbMNPV) and therefore were named MbMNPV-NL80, MbMNPV-NL82 and MbMNPV-NL83. These isolates were not related toAutographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) or toSpodoptera exigua MNPV (SeMNPV), both originating from the USA. Comparison of the oiological activity of these 5 isolates showed that the SeMNPV was more virulent against beet armyworm than the other isolates. There was no significant difference in virulence between MbMNPV-NL80, NL82, NL83 and AcMNPV forS. exigua. The LD-50 values of the 5 isolates for 2nd instar larvae were 3, 26, 14, 17 and 18 polyhedra, respectively. Despite compensating qualities of the other MNPVs, such as a broader host range and potential production in alternate hosts or cell-lines, SeMNPV is considered to be the most suitable candidate as biological control agent of beet armyworm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372619
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial and viral pesticides (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 90 (1984), S. 153-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02006478
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 93 (1987), S. 41-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01998144
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of functional bovine opsin in insect cells under control of the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 13 (1988), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: baculovirus expression system ; immunocytochemistry ; in vitro expression ; opsin ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro expression of cDNA encoding bovine opsin is accomplished using the baculovirus expression vector system. Full-length opsin was synthesized which was recognized by poly- and monoclonal antisera raised against bovine rhodopsin. Upon infection with a recombinant virus, 1×106 insect cells produced up to 3 μg opsin. Incubation of the in vitro synthesized opsin with 11-cis retinal produced a hydroxylamine-stable, photosensitive pigment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539052
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scale up aspects of sparged insect-cell bioreactors (1996)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 20 (1996), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: insect cells ; bioreactors ; shear ; stirred vessel ; buble column ; airlift ; scale-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusion In this chapter we have attempted to evaluate the most important parameters which can be useful for the pur-pose of design and scale up. Insect cells and animal cells in general can be grown well in large vessels. However, none of the theories and parameters discussed in this chapter have been validated on a larger scale than laboratory and small pilot reactors. Selection of the most suitable design and scale-up method there-fore needs in particular studies in larger vessels. The Kolmogorov theory and the killing-volume model are in this respect the most promising approaches for the optimal design of large-scale animal-cell bioreactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350402
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen gradients in small and big sparged insect-cell bioreactors (1996)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 20 (1996), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: air lift ; animal cell ; bubble column ; design ; oxygen gradients ; scaleup ; stirred vessel ; CSTR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusions It should be clear from the above that the calculations described here are at best rough estimations yielding order-of-magnitude values. Even though, the following general conclusions can be drawn. The gradients in stagnant layers surrounding the particles which are characteristic for animal-cell bioreactors are relatively small as compared to the gradients which can be expected in the bulk-liquid phases of the three bioreactors considered, in particular to the gradients in the stagnant layer surrounding the air bubbles. It can be concluded that under almost all circumstances gradients are likely to exist and can be very steep in larger vessels and in particular at high cell densities. The effects of gradients, however, are largely unknown; therefore research on the effects of gradients on specific and volumetric productivities and product quality seems to be an interesting area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350403
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuous process for the production of baculovirus using insect-cell cultures (1988)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 10 (1988), S. 849-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A continuous culture of insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) was used for continuous production of baculovirus (nuclear polyhedrosis virus fromAutographa californica). The system consisted of a cascade of two continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). In CSTR I the insect cells were grown in suspension. This suspension was fed continuously to CSTR II where the virus infection occurred. For a period of about 25 days the average volumetric productivity was about 107 polyhedra (virus particles occluded in protein capsules) and 108 infectious NOVs (non-occluded virus particles) per cm3 effluent. This is equivalent to 25 polyhedra and 250 NOVs per infected cell, respectively. In one case, the percentage of infected cells was 65%, which is close to the theoretical value of 68%. After a run-time of 32 days a decrease of process productivity was observed, probably due to the so-called passage effect, a degeneration of the virus DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026994
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