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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    User needs in chemical information (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of chemical information and modeling 30 (1990), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5142
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci00066a013
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  • 2
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    Andrew Marvell's 'The First Anniversary of the Government under Oliver Cromwell': The Poem and its Frame of Reference (1974)
    Cambridge : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Modern language review. 69:2 (1974:Apr.) 254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-7937
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0094-1974-069-02-000003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryopreservation of Pathogenic African Trypanosomes In Situ: Metacyclic and Bloodstream Forms (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 19 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Of several methods developed for cryopreservation of Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei metacyclic forms in tsetse fly organs, as well as bloodstream forms in host blood, one proved the most satisfactory. In this method, infected fly proboscises and salivary glands were placed in glass capillary tubes containing fetal calf serum with 8% (v/v) glycerol as the cryoprotectant. The method for bloodstream forms involved the addition of glycerol directly to infected blood, which was then dispensed into capillary tubes. Next the tubes were placed in paper containers inside a glass test tube with a 5 mm thick plasticine jacket. The insulated assembly was suspended in the liquid nitrogen vapor phase in an LR-35 (Union Carbide) refrigerator for 45 min. Under these conditions, the cooling rate was 2 C/min. The frozen samples were transferred to permanent storage. The viability and infectivity of the preserved organisms were found to be satisfactory upon testing, and no antigenic changes were observed. Laboratory and field applications of the method are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03511.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic identification by energy-dispersive diffractometry (1974)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 7 (1974), S. 93-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889874008831
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scherrer after sixty years: A survey and some new results in the determination of crystallite size (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 102-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Existing knowledge about Scherrer constants is reviewed and a summary is given of the interpretation of the broadening arising from small crystallites. Early work involving the half-width as a measure of breadth has been completed and Scherrer constants of simple regular shapes have been determined for all low-angle reflections (h2 + k2 + l2 ≤ 100) for four measures of breadth. The systematic variation of Scherrer constant with hkl is discussed and a convenient representation in the form of contour maps is applied to simple shapes. The relation between the `apparent' crystallite size, as determined by X-ray methods, and the `true' size is considered for crystallites having the same shape. If they are of the same size, then the normal Scherrer constant applies, but if there is a distribution of sizes, a modified Scherrer constant must be used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878012844
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Report of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA)–International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Joint Committee on Nomenclature (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 681-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This report lists nomenclature recommendations resulting from a six-year study of problems common to the disciplines of mineralogy and crystallography. The recommendations include definitions of polytypism, topotaxy, syntaxy, and epitaxy, certain criteria for mineral names, preferred format for chemical formulae, and preferred symbols for crystallographic axes and repeat distances. Two recommended systems of structural symbols to be used to differentiate polytypes are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001703
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical bias in least-squares refinement (1976)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 32 (1976), S. 994-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Statistical fluctuations in counting rates etc., as well as defects in the structural model, can introduce bias in the estimation of parameters by least-squares refinements. Of the residuaIs in common use, only unweighted R2 = Σ(Io - Ic)2 is free from statistical bias. Order-of-magnitude estimates of the bias can be derived, but it seems better to avoid it by adjusting the weights. To the second order, refinement of R2 is unbiased if the intensity used in calculating the usual weights is not Io but (Io + 2Ic). There seems to be no simple method of avoiding bias in R1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476002039
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can random structures refine? A comment on proposals by Booth and Lenstra (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 523-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The proposal by Booth [Nature, Lond. (1947), 160, 196] of shuffling the atoms of a random structure seems somewhat likelier to lead to a solution than that by Lenstra [Acta Cryst. (1974), A30, 363-369] of adding atoms one or a few at a time to a null structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refinement of R2 and R1: a physical interpretation (1976)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 32 (1976), S. 781-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Least-squares refinement of R2 = Σ| I1 - I2|2, where I1 and I2 are, for example, the observed and calculated intensities for a crystal structure, is equivalent to obtaining a least-squares fit between the Patterson syntheses for the observed intensities and the model structure. Least-squares refinement of R'1 = Σ|F1 - F2|2 is equivalent to obtaining a least-squares fit between the calculated electron density and that obtained from a Fourier series based on the observed structure factors; R'1 approximates to the usual residual R1 = Σ| |F1| - |F2| | 2 when the model is good and refinement is approaching completion. Inclusion of weights in the residuals is equivalent to distorting the Patterson or electron-density synthesis to be fitted by modifying the amplitudes of the Fourier coefficients by factors proportional to the square roots of the weights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476001605
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Largest likely values of residuals (1974)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 30 (1974), S. 836-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The value of the residual R2 = ((I1 - I2)2)/(I21), where I1 and I2 are the intensities of reflexion for two unrelated structures having the same symmetry and containing the same atoms, has the value 1 - Σ4/(2Σ2 - Σ4) for non-centrosymmetric structures and 4/3 - 2Σ4/3(Σ2 - Σ4) for centrosymmetric; the corresponding values for R1 = ((F1 - F2)2)/(F21) are approximately 2(1 - π/4) ∼ 0.43 and 2(1 - 2/π) ∼ 0.73. More complex expressions are derived for hyper- and sesquisymmetric structures. If a residual with a scaling factor, such as S2 = ((I1 - EI2)2)/(I21), is used, and the scaling factor E is refined by least-squares, the value of E obtained is about ½ or ½, instead of the true value unity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739474010801
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