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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To examine the relation between indices of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, including haemoglobin concentration, skinfold thickness and body weight, and the child's blood pressure at 10 to 12 years of age.Design Follow up study of children whose mothers had haemoglobin estimations, weights and skinfold thicknesses recorded during pregnancy.Setting Kingston, Jamaica.Subjects Seventy-seven children whose mothers took part in a prospective study of nutrition during pregnancy in relation to fetal growth.Main outcome measure Blood pressure at 10 to 12 years of age.Results The child's mean systolic pressure adjusted for current weight rose by 2.6 mmHg (95 % CI 0.5–4.6, P= 0.01) for each 1 g/dl fall in the mother's lowest haemoglobin during pregnancy. Mothers with a lower haemoglobin had thinner skinfold thicknesses, especially over the triceps (P= 0.005). In multiple regression analyses, taking account of the child's sex and current weight, there was a strong association between thin maternal triceps skinfold thickness at 15 weeks of gestation and raised blood pressure in the offspring. Taking account of the mother's triceps skinfold thickness abolished the relation between lower haemoglobin and raised blood pressure in the child. Lower weight gain between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation was independently associated with raised children's blood pressure. Systolic pressure rose by 10.7 mmHg (95 % CI 5.7 to 15.6, P= 0.0001) for each log mm decrease in the mother's triceps skinfold thickness, and by 0.6 mmHg (95% CI 0.1 to 1.0, P= 0.02) for each 1 kg decrease in the mother's weight gain during pregnancy.Conclusions These results parallel animal experiments suggesting that impaired maternal nutrition may underlie the programming of adult hypertension during fetal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 103 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine how diet of the mother in pregnancy influences the blood pressure of the offspring in adult life.Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948–1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy.Setting Aberdeen, Scotland.Population Two hundred and fifty-three men and women born in Aberdeen Maternity Hospital.Main outcome measure Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Results The relations between the diet of mothers and their offsprings' blood pressure were complex. When the mothers' intake of animal protein was less than 50 g daily, a higher carbohydrate intake was associated with a higher blood pressure in the offspring (a 100 g increase in carbohydrate being associated with a 3 mmHg increase in systolic pressure (P= 0.02)). At daily animal protein intakes above 50 g, lower Carbohydrate intake was associated with higher blood pressure (a 100 g decrease in carbohydrate being associated with an 11 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure (P= 0.004)). These increases in blood pressure were associated with decreased placental size.Conclusion Mothers' intakes of animal protein and carbohydrate in late pregnancy may influence their offsprings' adult blood pressure. This may be mediated through effects on placental growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 91 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 104 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To examine how maternal diet in pregnancy and parental body size and birthweight influence an infant's thinness at birth measured by a low ponderal index.Design An observational study of newborn infants and their parents.Setting Southampton, England.Population Five hundred and thirty-eight infants born at term.Main outcome measure Ponderal index at birth.Results Women who had a high intake of carbohydrate in early pregnancy and a low intake of dairy protein in late pregnancy tended to have infants that were thin at birth (P= 0.01 and P= 0.03, respectively, in a simultaneous analysis). Women who themselves had a low birthweight also tended to have thin infants, ponderal index falling from 28.3 kg/m3 to 26.2 kg/m3 as the women's birthweights decreased from more than 4.0 kg to 2.5 kg or less (P 〈 0.0001). Tall fathers had thin infants, but ponderal index was not related to the women's heights or the fathers’ birthweights.Conclusion These associations may reflect constraints on placental development imposed by a woman's nutrition in pregnancy and during her own intrauterine life. Effects of the father's height may be mediated through genetic influences on skeletal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective— To examine the maternal influences which determine large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight. These are known predictors of adult blood pressure.Design— Retrospective analysis of routine obstetric and haematology department records for a large cohort of pregnant women.Setting— John Radeliffe Hospital, Oxford.Subjects— 8684 pregnant women who were delivered between January 1987 and January 1989 and whose records could be linked to the results of two or more pregnancy blood counts.Main outcome measures— Placental weight and the ratio of placental weight to birthweight.Results— Large placental weight was associated with a low maternal haemoglobin and a fall in maternal mean cell volume during pregnancy. The highest ratio of placental weight to birthweight occurred in the most anaemic women with the largest falls in mean cell volume. Large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight were also independently associated with a high maternal body mass index. Maternal smoking reduced placental weight, but increased the ratio of placental weight to birthweight.Conclusions— Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy are associated with large placental weight and a high ratio of placental weight to birthweight. This points to maternal nutritional deficiency as a cause for discordance between placental and fetal growth. This may have important implications for the prevention of adult hypertension, which appears to have its origin in fetal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine how diets of women in pregnancy influence the glucose-insulin metabolism of their offspring in adult life.Design A follow up study of men and women born during 1948–1954 whose mothers had taken part in a survey of diet in late pregnancy.Setting Aberdeen, Scotland.Population One hundred and sixty-eight men and women born in the Aberdeen Maternity Hospital.Main outcome measure Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, fasting and after a standard oral glucose challenge.Results The offspring of women who had high intakes of fat and protein in late pregnancy had a reduced plasma insulin increment between fasting and 30 min with a 7.0% decrease in increment (P= 0.007) per 10 g increase in protein intake and a 4.9% decrease (P= 0.002) per 10 g increase in fat intake. This was independent of the mother's body mass index or weight gain in pregnancy. A low maternal body mass index in early or late pregnancy was associated with a raised fasting plasma insulin concentration with a decrease of 2.4% (P= 0.05) per 1 kg/m2 increase of maternal body mass.Conclusion High intakes of protein and fat during pregnancy may impair development of the fetal pancreatic beta cells and lead to insulin deficiency in the offspring. The offspring of thin mothers tend to be insulin resistant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. A follow-up study was carried out to determine whether either impaired or disproportionate fetal growth are associated with a raised total serum IgE concentration in men and women aged 50 years. The serum IgE concentration was measured in 146 men and 134 women born in Preston (Lancashire, UK) between 1935 and 1943, whose size at birth had been measured in detail.Sixty-two subjects were found to have an IgE concentration above 80 IU/ml. Compared with subjects with a normal IgE on average they had a 0.30 inch larger head circumference at birth (P -0.004) and weighed 5.6 ounces more at birth (P= 0.04). People with a raised and with a normal IgE were of similar crown-heel length at birth, indicating that in utero those with a raised IgE had had disproportionate growth of the head in relation to the trunk and limbs. The prevalence of a raised IgE rose from 14% in subjects whose head circumference at birth was 13 inches or less to 37% in those whose head circumference was more than 14 inches. This association was independent of gestational age at birth and of the mother's pelvic size and parity. It was also independent of adult physique, social class and smoking, and was similar in men and women. In multiple logistic regression analyses odds ratios of a raised IgE rose progressively to more than 4 as head circumference at birth increased from 13 inches or less to more than 14 inches.One possibility is that these associations reflect the long-term effects of sustaining fetal brain growth at the expense of the trunk, in particular the thymus. This may be a consequence of fetal under-nutrition in late gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 194 (1962), S. 1088-1089 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Longitudinal sections of lower ends of three mice femurs. A, Control; S, 15-week-old male after 12 weeks treatment with 0-1 mgm. cestradiol monobenzoate per week; C, 15-week-old male after 12 weeks treatment with 0-1 mgm. cestradiol monobenzoate and 2-5 mgm. testosterone propionate per ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Incidence of Type 2 diabetes ; socio-economic environment ; social class
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of diabetes among people aged 18–50 years has been studied prospectively in nine towns, chosen to encompass the range of socioeconomic conditions and spread of latitude in England and Wales. The incidence of Type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes in this age group varied little between the towns. However, the incidence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes was markedly higher in the towns with ‘worse’ socio-economic conditions. The mean incidences were 23 per 100000 for the three ‘worse’ towns and 10 per 100000 for the three ‘better’ towns. This was not explicable by an association between the disease and social class. This finding has to be reconciled with known and hypothesised influences in the aetiology of Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 974-974 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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