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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Incidence of Type 2 diabetes ; socio-economic environment ; social class
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of diabetes among people aged 18–50 years has been studied prospectively in nine towns, chosen to encompass the range of socioeconomic conditions and spread of latitude in England and Wales. The incidence of Type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes in this age group varied little between the towns. However, the incidence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes was markedly higher in the towns with ‘worse’ socio-economic conditions. The mean incidences were 23 per 100000 for the three ‘worse’ towns and 10 per 100000 for the three ‘better’ towns. This was not explicable by an association between the disease and social class. This finding has to be reconciled with known and hypothesised influences in the aetiology of Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma glucose ; birthweight ; intrauterine growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a study of men aged 59 to 70 years plasma glucose levels 30 min and 2 h after a 75-g glucose load were inversely related to birthweight. To determine whether there are similar relations at a younger age the 30-min plasma glucose levels of 40 men aged 21 years, who were born in one hospital in the United Kingdom, were measured. Lower birthweight was associated with higher 30-min plasma glucose levels. This trend was independent of gestational age, and current body mass, height and social class.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 595-601 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; hypertension ; hyperlipidaemia ; syndrome X ; reduced fetal growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two follow-up studies were carried out to determine whether lower birthweight is related to the occurrence of syndrome X — Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. The first study included 407 men born in Hertfordshire, England between 1920 and 1930 whose weights at birth and at 1 year of age had been recorded by health visitors. The second study included 266 men and women born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943 whose size at birth had been measured in detail. The prevalence of syndrome X fell progressively in both men and women, from those who had the lowest to those who had the highest birthweights. Of 64-year-old men whose birthweights were 2.95 kg (6.5 pounds) or less, 22% had syndrome X. Their risk of developing syndrome X was more than 10 times greater than that of men whose birthweights were more than 4.31 kg (9.5 pounds). The association between syndrome X and low birthweight was independent of duration of gestation and of possible confounding variables including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and social class currently or at birth. In addition to low birthweight, subjects with syndrome X had small head circumference and low ponderal index at birth, and low weight and below-average dental eruption at 1 year of age. It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named “the small-baby syndrome”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; fetal growth ; ponderal index at birth ; placental weight to birthweight ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A follow-up study was carried out to determine whether reduced fetal growth is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance in men and women aged 50 years. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 140 men and 126 women born in Preston (Lancashire, UK) between 1935 and 1943, whose size at birth had been measured in detail. Those subjects found to have impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had lower birthweight, a smaller head circumference and were thinner at birth. They also had a higher ratio of placental weight to birthweight. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes fell from 27% in subjects who weighed 2.50 kg (5.5 pounds) or less at birth to 6% in those who weighed more than 3.41 kg (7.5 pounds) (p 〈 0.002 after adjusting for body mass index). Plasma glucose concentrations taken at 2-h in the glucose tolerance test fell progressively as birthweight increased (p 〈 0.004), as did 2-h plasma insulin concentrations (p 〈 0.001). The trends with birthweight were independent of duration of gestation and must therefore be related to reduced rates of fetal growth. These findings confirm the association between impaired glucose tolerance in adult life and low birthweight previously reported in Hertfordshire (UK), and demonstrate it in women as well as men. It is suggested that the association reflects the long-term effects of reduced growth of the endocrine pancreas and other tissues in utero. This may be a consequence of maternal undernutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, fetal growth, metabolic programming.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus may originate through impaired development in fetal life. Both insulin deficiency and resistance to the action of insulin are thought to be important in its pathogenesis. Although there is evidence that impaired fetal development may result in insulin deficiency, it is not known whether insulin resistance could also be a consequence of reduced early growth. Insulin resistance was therefore measured in 81 normoglycaemic subjects, and 22 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, who were born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943. Their birth measurements had been recorded in detail. Insulin resistance was measured by the insulin tolerance test which uses the rate of fall in blood glucose concentrations after intravenous injection of insulin as an index of insulin resistance. Men and women who were thin at birth, as measured by a low ponderal index, were more insulin resistant. The association was statistically significant (p =0.01) and independent of duration of gestation, adult body mass index and waist to hip ratio and of confounding variables including social class at birth or currently. Thinness at birth and in adult life has opposing effects such that resistance fell with increasing ponderal index at birth but rose with increasing adult body mass index. It is concluded that insulin resistance is associated with impaired development in fetal life. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 150–154]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 974-974 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mutations in the basement membrane collagen gene COL4A5 cause the progressive renal glomerular nephropathy and typical hearing loss that occur in X-linked Alport syndrome. Nearly all cases involve distinct mutations, as expected for an X-linked disease that significantly reduces the fitness of affected males. A few exceptional COL4A5 mutations appear to be associated with a reduced disease severity and may account for a significant proportion of late-onset Alport syndrome in populations where a founder effect has occurred. The novel mutation reported here, COL4A5 arg1677gln, has been detected in three independently ascertained Ashkenazi-American families, causes a relatively mild form of nephritis with typical onset in the fourth or fifth decade, and may be involved in the etiology of a large proportion of adult-onset hereditary nephritis in Ashkenazi Jews.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 48 (1992), S. 449-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 104 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To examine how maternal diet in pregnancy and parental body size and birthweight influence an infant's thinness at birth measured by a low ponderal index.Design An observational study of newborn infants and their parents.Setting Southampton, England.Population Five hundred and thirty-eight infants born at term.Main outcome measure Ponderal index at birth.Results Women who had a high intake of carbohydrate in early pregnancy and a low intake of dairy protein in late pregnancy tended to have infants that were thin at birth (P= 0.01 and P= 0.03, respectively, in a simultaneous analysis). Women who themselves had a low birthweight also tended to have thin infants, ponderal index falling from 28.3 kg/m3 to 26.2 kg/m3 as the women's birthweights decreased from more than 4.0 kg to 2.5 kg or less (P 〈 0.0001). Tall fathers had thin infants, but ponderal index was not related to the women's heights or the fathers’ birthweights.Conclusion These associations may reflect constraints on placental development imposed by a woman's nutrition in pregnancy and during her own intrauterine life. Effects of the father's height may be mediated through genetic influences on skeletal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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