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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Capacity of drying agents for gas masks (1932)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 4 (1932), S. 339-340 
    Details
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50079a047
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Magnocellular Neurosecretory System (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 6 (1983), S. 357-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.002041
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Early Expression of Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 in the Developing Chick (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 15 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is essential for reproductive function, is made by neurones that migrate from the nasal region into the brain during early embryonic development. This migration begins in chick when the olfactory pit is formed. This is approximately the time that GnRH neurones can be detected immunocytochemically. The present study investigated (i) how early in development the GnRH gene is expressed and (ii) the sites of its expression. Accordingly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization were performed on chick embryos before gastrulation up until the stage by which GnRH neurones have begun to migrate into the central nervous system. Primers were made to the 5′- and 3′-UTR region of the message for cGnRH-I, the form of the peptide that is essential for reproductive function in the chicken. PCR product was found in all stages and the sequences of products from all stages were identical. Thus, the GnRH gene is expressed continuously throughout embryonic development. In situ hybridization with a digoxygenin labelled riboprobe revealed staining along the primitive streak immediately before gastrulation. In later stages, cGnRH-I gene expression was seen in association with the anterior neural ridge. The expression was subsequently restricted to a narrow, clearly defined region, which is associated with the presumptive nasal cavity and olfactory placode. Later, GnRH neurones could be seen in their migratory routes by both in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Expression of the GnRH gene has been described in preimplantation stages in mammals and there is evidence that the neuropeptide plays a role in formation and maintenance of the placenta. What role (if any) it may play in early avian development remains unknown. The demonstration of sites of GnRH expression during the early period of neurulation suggests that GnRH neurones arise before olfactory placode formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01073.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sexual Behavior Triggers the Appearance of Non-Neuronal Cells Containing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Immunoreactivity (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 4 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins and facilitates the display of sexual behavior. We report that in doves, following a brief period of courtship, non-neuronal cells containing GnRH-like immunoreactivity (ir) are seen in the habenula of both male and female doves. These cells appear to be translocated from either the cerebrospinal fluid or from capillaries in the pia or choroid plexus into the parenchyma of the brain. Immunoreactive cells are virtually absent in the habenula in control animals housed alone. The identity of the ir cells that enter the habenula is unknown but they would appear to be of either the macrophage or the mast cell lineage. Both of these blood-derived cells have heterochromatic nuclei and irregular cell surfaces with many filamentous processes, as do the GnRH-ir cells. The vacuolated granules of the ir cells could be indicative of mast cell degranulation or of endocytic vesicles of a phagocytosing cell. These data suggest that there is a population of cells within the habenula that are of similar size and morphology to the GnRH-ir ceils and are metachromatic when stained with toluidine blue. The latter is a property of heparin-containing mast cells. Lineage specific markers that permit a double-label study will be required to determine the exact nature of the GnRH-ir cells. Whatever their lineage, the translocation of non-neuronal cells into the undamaged adult central nervous system has not been described previously, and may provide a means of delivering biologically active substances into specific brain regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00160.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons of the Developing Tectum of the Mouse (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Using a modified immunocytochemistry protocol with enhanced sensitivity, we were able to visualize a population of neurons in the tectum of the developing mouse that contained GnRH-like immunoreactivity. In microscopic studies conducted using 100 pm sections cut in sagittal or horizontal planes, 10–20 lightly-stained neurons were first detected in the tectum at E 13.75 (morning of plug = E0.5). The number of immunostained cells increased exponentially reaching a peak at E 15.75 before decreasing in number. No positive neurons were seen in the tectum at PN20 or later. The GnRH cells were located medially along the dorsoventral axis of the tectum in a region of the brain distinct from that containing GnRH neurons that migrate into the CNS from the olfactory placode. To determine the nature of the immunoreactivity, two approaches were used. Analysis of tissue from an hpg mutant strongly supports the hypothesis that these cells make mammalian GnRH. lmmunocytochemical data suggest that although the precursor protein is synthesized, the cleaved and amidated decapeptide may be absent or be present at an undetectable level. Our results demonstrate that in addition to the GnRH neurons from the placade, a population of GnRH neurons exists in the mouse tectum. This population is developmentally regulated, appearing only during embryonic and early postnatal ages but not in the adult.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00733.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurones in the Chick Forebrain is Independent of Lineage Relationships Among Cells of the Early Nasal Placode (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 14 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The regulation of reproduction depends upon the successful migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones from the nasal placode to the ventral forebrain during embryogenesis. Within the central nervous system (CNS), these neurones migrate to stereotyped, highly reproducible locations in septal, preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei. We postulated that lineage relationships (descent from a common precursor) might predict the final location of these neurones. To test this hypothesis, a complex retroviral library was used to label dividing cells in the placode and subsequently to identify them by the presence of the alkaline phosphatase marker. GnRH was detected immunocytochemically and lineage relationships determined by single cell polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the degenerate oligonucleotide component of the retrovirus. GnRH-positive and GnRH-negative neurones were confined to the side ipsilateral to the injection; many cells derived from the placode that entered the CNS did not contain GnRH. This precise method of identifying and mapping the progeny of single neurones revealed that GnRH cells in any given area were derived from multiple precursors. This developmental pattern may contribute to assuring that all CNS locations critical to the orchestration of reproductive events will be populated by GnRH neurones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0007-1331.2001.00762.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Central nervous system neurons acquire mast cell products via transgranulation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 22 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Resting and actively degranulating mast cells are found on the brain side of the blood–brain barrier. In the periphery, exocytosis of mast cell granules results in the release of soluble mediators and insoluble granule remnants. These mast cell constituents are found in a variety of nearby cell types, acquired by fusion of granule and cellular membranes or by cellular capture of mast cell granule remnants. These phenomena have not been studied in the brain. In the current work, light and electron microscopic studies of the medial habenula of the dove brain revealed that mast cell-derived material can enter neurons in three ways: by direct fusion of the granule and plasma membranes (mast cell and neuron); by capture of insoluble granule remnants and, potentially, via receptor-mediated endocytosis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a soluble mediator derived from the mast cell. These processes result in differential subcellular localization of mast cell material in neurons, including free in the neuronal cytoplasm, membrane-bound in granule-like compartments or in association with small vesicles and the trans-Golgi network. Capture of granule remnants is the most frequently observed form of neuronal acquisition of mast cell products and correlates quantitatively with mast cells undergoing piecemeal degranulation. The present study indicates that mast cell-derived products can enter neurons, a process termed transgranulation, indicating a novel form of brain–immune system communication.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04429.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biochemical Differentiation and Intercellular Interactions of Migratory Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Cells in the Mouse
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Developmental Biology 159 (1993), S. 643-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1271
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reproductive Behavior, Endocrine State, and the Distribution of GnRH-like Immunoreactive Mast Cells in Dove Brain
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Hormones and Behavior 27 (1993), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-506X
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1993.1021
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Female sexual behavior in hypogonadal mice with GnRH-containing brain grafts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Hormones and Behavior 21 (1987), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-506X
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(87)90046-8
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